Thinking about becoming a pilot? Then you’ve probably come across two options, this guide will discuss: integrated vs modular pilot training programs. Each offers a path to earning your Commercial Pilot License (CPL), but the journey looks different.
An integrated program is fast and structured. It’s designed to take you from zero experience to airline-ready in about two years.
A modular program, on the other hand, gives you flexibility. You can train in phases—like earning your PPL, IR, and CPL—at your own pace.
Both pathways require DGCA-approved flying school training. That ensures your education meets the standards needed for safety and compliance.
So how do you choose? That’s where this guide comes in. By the end, you’ll know which program works best for your goals, budget, and schedule.
Understanding Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Integrated pilot training programs offer a direct path to earning your Commercial Pilot License (CPL). These programs combine every stage of training—from ground school to advanced flying techniques—into one seamless curriculum.
It’s a full-time commitment, typically completed in 18–24 months. If you’re looking for a structured, time-efficient route to becoming a pilot, this could be your best option.
Key Features of Integrated Pilot Training Programs
What makes integrated pilot training programs stand out?
- Seamless Curriculum
- Integrated programs are designed as one continuous course. You don’t need to plan each phase yourself.
- Ground school, flight training, and simulator sessions are interconnected, ensuring that every lesson builds on the previous one.
- This structure helps students develop a strong foundation in theory and practical skills simultaneously, avoiding gaps in knowledge.
- Time Efficiency
- These programs fast-track your training. Unlike modular programs, where delays between phases are common, integrated training is designed for completion in 18–24 months.
- By following a pre-planned schedule, you minimize interruptions and focus entirely on becoming airline-ready.
- This efficiency means you can enter the aviation job market faster, giving you a competitive edge.
- Focused Training Environment
- Training is conducted under a single flying school, ensuring consistency in instruction quality and resources.
- All facilities—aircraft, simulators, and classrooms—are in one place, reducing the need to adapt to new setups or processes.
- Students benefit from a structured support system, with instructors who guide them through every stage of the program.
Why Choose Integrated Pilot Training Programs?
Integrated pilot training programs offer significant advantages over other training pathways, particularly for students aiming for airline careers.
- Structured and Predictable
- You won’t have to juggle between different schools or training providers. Everything is mapped out for you.
- The standardized approach ensures a smooth progression through all phases, from theory to practical flying.
- Enhanced Airline Recognition
- Airlines value the consistency and comprehensiveness of integrated programs.
- Graduates are often seen as better prepared for the demands of professional aviation.
- Accelerated Career Path
- Completing your training within two years allows you to start gaining experience sooner. This timeline is especially beneficial for students targeting time-sensitive job openings.
The Role of DGCA in Integrated Pilot Training Programs
In India, all integrated pilot training programs must meet the approval standards of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). This ensures that the training meets national and international aviation standards.
Consistent Curriculum: DGCA-approved programs follow a standardized syllabus designed to equip students with the theoretical knowledge and flying skills required for CPL certification.
Certified Instructors and Resources: Only experienced and certified instructors are allowed to teach in DGCA-approved schools. Training facilities, including aircraft and simulators, are also regularly inspected to ensure safety and quality.
Career Readiness: DGCA approval guarantees that your CPL will be valid for job opportunities in India and abroad, provided you meet additional licensing requirements for specific regions.
When you enroll in a DGCA-approved integrated pilot training program, you’re investing in a pathway that meets the highest safety and educational standards.
Integrated pilot training programs are perfect for aspiring airline pilots who value a structured, fast, and reliable route to their CPL. If efficiency and consistency are your priorities, this pathway offers the clarity and focus you need to succeed in aviation.
Exploring Modular Pilot Training Programs
Modular pilot training programs offer a more flexible and adaptable approach to earning your Commercial Pilot License (CPL). Instead of following a pre-defined path, students complete each phase of training—like PPL (Private Pilot License), IR (Instrument Rating), and CPL—independently.
This phase-by-phase structure allows you to train at your own pace, balancing your learning with personal commitments. It’s an excellent option for students looking for flexibility, cost control, or the ability to train at multiple flying schools.
What Are Modular Pilot Training Programs?
Modular pilot training programs are designed for students who prefer a step-by-step approach rather than a full-time, continuous course.
Flexible, Phase-by-Phase Learning
- The program is broken into distinct phases, starting with basic training (PPL), followed by advanced certifications like IR and CPL.
- You decide when to progress to the next phase, depending on your schedule, finances, or readiness.
Pay-as-You-Go Structure
- Unlike integrated programs, modular training doesn’t require a large upfront investment.
- Students can pay for each phase as they go, making it easier to manage costs over time.
Diverse Training Locations
- Students can complete phases at different DGCA-approved flying schools.
- This flexibility allows you to choose providers that specialize in specific certifications or offer cost advantages.
Key Features of Modular Pilot Training Programs
Control Over Training Schedule
Modular programs give students the freedom to pause and resume training based on their availability. This is especially beneficial for those balancing work, studies, or other commitments.
Customizable Training Path
Students can choose where and how they complete each phase, tailoring the program to their preferences. For example, you might start with a local PPL course and later pursue advanced certifications at a specialized flying school.
Affordability
With a pay-as-you-go model, modular training spreads the financial burden over several years. This makes it more accessible to students who can’t afford the upfront cost of an integrated program.
Advantages of Modular Pilot Training Programs
Cost-Effective
Modular programs are often more affordable in the short term since you pay for one phase at a time. This allows students to spread costs and explore cost-efficient training providers.
Flexible for Part-Time Learners
For those who need to balance training with a job or other commitments, modular programs provide the flexibility to set your own pace.
Ideal for Career Switchers
Students transitioning from another career often choose modular training. It allows them to continue working while gradually earning their pilot certifications.
The Role of DGCA in Modular Pilot Training Programs
Just like integrated programs, modular pilot training programs in India must meet DGCA standards. This ensures that all phases—whether completed at a single flying school or multiple locations—adhere to the same safety and quality requirements.
Approval of Individual Phases: Each phase, whether it’s PPL, IR, or CPL, must be completed at a DGCA-approved flying school to count toward your certification.
Standardized Curriculum: The DGCA ensures that modular programs maintain consistent standards across all training providers, regardless of where you complete each phase.
Licensing Validity: Completing DGCA-approved phases ensures your certifications are valid for further training and career opportunities in India or abroad.
Modular pilot training programs are a great choice for students who need flexibility, prefer to manage costs incrementally, or want to customize their learning experience. While they may take longer to complete, the adaptability they offer makes them a practical option for many aspiring pilots.
Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs: Key Differences
Choosing between integrated pilot training programs and modular pilot training programs requires a clear understanding of how these pathways differ. From time commitments to costs and compliance, each approach offers unique benefits and challenges. Let’s explore the key differences.
1. Time Commitment
Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Integrated programs are designed for speed. They take students from zero experience to Commercial Pilot License (CPL) in about 18–24 months.
This full-time structure is ideal for aspiring pilots who want to complete their training quickly and start their careers without delay. However, it requires uninterrupted focus and a full-time commitment to succeed.
Modular Pilot Training Programs
Modular programs, by contrast, are highly flexible. Students can spread their training over several years, completing each phase—such as PPL (Private Pilot License), IR (Instrument Rating), and CPL—at their own pace.
This approach is better suited for individuals balancing work, studies, or other responsibilities alongside their pilot training.
2. Cost
Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Integrated programs require a significant upfront investment, often ranging between INR 50–80 lakhs. The cost includes all phases of training, typically bundled into a single program offered by one flying school.
While the initial expense may seem steep, integrated programs eliminate the need to coordinate training providers and often come with added benefits like airline partnerships or job placements.
Modular Pilot Training Programs
Modular programs are more budget-friendly in the short term. Students pay for each phase as they go, spreading the total cost (INR 30–60 lakhs) over a longer period.
This incremental payment model makes modular training accessible to those who can’t afford the upfront costs of an integrated program. However, additional expenses like travel and provider changes can add up.
3. Structure
Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Integrated programs offer a cohesive and well-organized learning environment. Every phase of training—ground school, simulator sessions, and flight hours—is interconnected, ensuring a seamless progression.
This structure minimizes disruptions and provides students with a consistent learning experience under the guidance of one flying school.
Modular Pilot Training Programs
Modular programs are divided into independent phases, giving students the freedom to choose different providers for each stage. While this allows for customization, it can also lead to inconsistencies in training quality or delays if the next phase isn’t immediately available.
Students must take greater responsibility for planning their training path and ensuring continuity between providers.
4. Compliance with DGCA Regulations
Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Integrated programs are pre-approved by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), guaranteeing that every aspect of the training meets regulatory standards. This approval ensures a smooth path to earning your CPL without concerns about phase-to-phase consistency.
Modular Pilot Training Programs
While modular training also requires DGCA-approved schools, the responsibility for compliance lies more heavily with the student. Each phase must be completed at a DGCA-approved provider, and students must ensure their certifications align with regulatory requirements to avoid complications.
Making the Choice
Choosing between integrated and modular pilot training programs comes down to your priorities:
- If you value speed and structure, an integrated program is the clear choice.
- If flexibility and cost management matter most, modular training offers greater adaptability.
Both pathways meet DGCA standards and can lead to a rewarding career in aviation. The right choice depends on your goals, budget, and available time.
Cost Comparison: Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs in India
Understanding the financial implications of your pilot training is crucial. Integrated pilot training programs and modular pilot training programs have distinct cost structures, and knowing the details can help you plan effectively.
Here’s a breakdown of typical expenses, hidden costs, and financial planning tips to make an informed decision.
Typical Costs of Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Integrated programs require a significant upfront investment.
- Total Cost: Expect to pay anywhere between INR 50–80 lakhs.
- What’s Included: This price covers ground school, simulator sessions, flight hours, and certifications in one comprehensive package.
- Why It’s Costlier: The bundled nature of integrated programs and their focus on efficiency often result in higher fees. However, the seamless structure can save money by avoiding delays or gaps between training phases.
Typical Costs of Modular Pilot Training Programs
Modular programs are more flexible in terms of payments.
- Total Cost: Generally ranges from INR 30–60 lakhs.
- What’s Included: Each phase—PPL, IR, and CPL—is paid for separately. The total cost depends on the chosen flying schools and the pace at which you complete the training.
- Why It’s Affordable: By spreading payments over time and choosing cost-effective providers for different phases, students can manage their budgets more effectively.
Hidden Expenses to Watch Out For
No matter which program you choose, there are additional costs that aren’t always part of the advertised price.
- DGCA Exam Fees: These are mandatory for licensing and vary depending on the exams you take.
- Simulator Sessions: Extra hours on simulators may be required, especially for advanced certifications or practice.
- Medical Certificates: Regular medical checkups and Class 1 medical certifications are required to maintain eligibility.
- Accommodation and Travel: Integrated programs usually include on-campus options, while modular students may need to travel between schools or find housing independently.
- License Renewals: Pilots must renew their licenses periodically, incurring additional costs over time.
Financial Planning Tips for Pilot Training
Pilot training is a substantial investment, but smart financial planning can make it more manageable.
- Explore Scholarships: Some flying schools offer merit-based or need-based scholarships to reduce tuition costs. Check for DGCA or airline-sponsored programs in India.
- Consider Education Loans: Many banks provide education loans specifically for pilot training. Look for low-interest options and repayment terms that align with your career progression.
- Choose DGCA-Approved Schools: Enroll in DGCA-approved programs to ensure your investment leads to valid certifications and job opportunities.
- Plan for Hidden Costs: Create a budget that includes accommodation, medical fees, and license renewals to avoid surprises.
- Look for Partnerships: Some integrated programs partner with airlines, offering reduced fees or guaranteed placements upon graduation.
Which Option Is More Cost-Effective?
- Integrated Programs: Higher upfront costs but fewer logistical hassles. Ideal for students with financial readiness who value a faster, streamlined path.
- Modular Programs: Incremental payments and flexible training make it easier to manage costs over time. Best for those balancing budgets or careers alongside training.
Careful planning ensures you maximize the value of your investment, no matter which program you choose.
Pros and Cons of Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs
When deciding between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs, it’s essential to weigh the pros and cons of each. Both pathways lead to a Commercial Pilot License (CPL) but differ significantly in structure, cost, and timeline. Let’s break down the advantages and drawbacks to help you choose the right program.
Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Integrated pilot training programs are a full-time, structured approach. They combine every phase of flight training into one cohesive curriculum.
Pros of Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Faster Completion: Integrated pilot training programs are typically completed within 18–24 months. This makes them the fastest pathway to earning your CPL and starting your aviation career.
Cohesive Curriculum: With integrated pilot training programs, all phases—ground school, simulator training, and flight hours—are seamlessly connected. This ensures consistency and avoids interruptions.
Strong Airline Recognition: Graduates of integrated pilot training programs are often favored by airlines because their training follows a standardized curriculum tailored to industry demands.
Minimized Planning Hassle: Since everything is handled by one flying school, integrated pilot training programs eliminate the need to coordinate between multiple providers.
Focused Learning Environment: Integrated pilot training programs keep students immersed in their training, fostering a structured and goal-oriented mindset.
Cons of Integrated Pilot Training Programs
Higher Upfront Costs: Integrated pilot training programs typically cost INR 50–80 lakhs, requiring a significant financial commitment upfront.
Less Flexibility: Students in integrated pilot training programs must commit full-time, leaving little room to balance work or other responsibilities.
Intensive Pace: The accelerated timeline of integrated pilot training programs can be challenging for some students, requiring consistent focus and adaptability.
Limited Training Options: Since all training is tied to one school, students may miss opportunities to experience specialized training offered by other providers.
Modular Pilot Training Programs
Modular pilot training programs are known for their flexibility. They allow students to complete phases—such as PPL (Private Pilot License), IR (Instrument Rating), and CPL—independently.
Pros of Modular Pilot Training Programs
Cost-Effective: Modular pilot training programs typically cost INR 30–60 lakhs, spreading payments over several years. This makes them more accessible for students managing their finances.
Flexible Timeline: Modular pilot training programs let students progress at their own pace, making them ideal for part-time learners or career switchers.
Customizable Training: Students in modular pilot training programs can choose different DGCA-approved schools for each phase, tailoring their experience to suit their needs.
Incremental Financial Commitment: With modular pilot training programs, students can budget and save between phases, reducing financial strain compared to integrated options.
Ideal for Career Transitions: Modular pilot training programs allow individuals transitioning from other careers to balance their training with existing work commitments.
Cons of Modular Pilot Training Programs
- Longer Duration: Modular pilot training programs often take several years to complete, delaying entry into the aviation job market.
- Inconsistent Training Quality: Since modular pilot training programs involve multiple providers, the quality of training may vary between schools.
- Greater Planning Responsibility: Students must manage their own schedules and ensure all phases meet DGCA standards, which can be overwhelming.
- Hidden Costs: Modular pilot training programs may incur additional expenses like travel, accommodation, and transitions between schools, increasing the overall cost.
Making the Right Choice
Deciding between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs comes down to your personal circumstances:
- Choose integrated pilot training programs if you want a structured, fast, and full-time pathway to your CPL.
- Opt for modular pilot training programs if you need flexibility, financial adaptability, or the freedom to customize your training experience.
Both Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs are effective paths to earning your CPL. The right choice depends on your goals, budget, and career timeline.
Choosing the Right Path: Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs
The decision between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training programs is one of the most important steps for aspiring pilots. Each pathway offers distinct advantages, challenges, and costs. By considering your goals, finances, and schedule, you can determine which program aligns best with your aviation career aspirations.
1. Career Aspirations and Goals
Your long-term career goals significantly influence your choice between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training programs.
Integrated Pilot Training
Airline-Focused Pathway: Integrated Pilot Training programs are designed to produce airline-ready pilots. The curriculum ensures that students meet industry standards and requirements.
Accelerated Career Start: Completing training within 18–24 months allows students to enter the job market sooner, making this a preferred choice for those eager to gain experience quickly.
Cohesive Curriculum: The streamlined structure of Integrated Pilot Training means all phases are connected, providing a clear progression from start to finish.
Preferred by Airlines: Airlines often favor graduates of Integrated Pilot Training due to the consistency and standardization of their education.
Modular Pilot Training
Flexibility for Different Goals: Modular Pilot Training is ideal for individuals seeking flexibility, whether for recreational flying or gradual progress toward a CPL.
Customizable Training Experience: Students can choose different DGCA-approved schools for each phase, allowing them to train with specialized providers.
Suitable for Career Switchers: Modular training is often chosen by individuals transitioning from other careers, as it accommodates part-time learning and existing commitments.
Balanced Learning Pace: The step-by-step approach lets students progress at their own pace, balancing other responsibilities while working toward their CPL.
2. Financial Readiness
Cost is a critical factor in deciding between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training programs, as the financial models for each pathway differ.
Integrated Pilot Training
High Upfront Cost: Integrated Pilot Training programs typically cost INR 50–80 lakhs, covering all phases in one bundled package.
Cost Predictability: With everything included in a single fee, integrated programs eliminate surprises, making financial planning easier.
Value for Comprehensive Training: Although expensive, the all-inclusive nature of Integrated Pilot Training ensures efficient use of resources and minimizes downtime.
Scholarship Opportunities: Many integrated programs offer scholarships or airline partnerships to help offset costs for deserving candidates.
Modular Pilot Training
Pay-as-You-Go Model: Modular Pilot Training programs cost INR 30–60 lakhs and allow students to pay incrementally for each phase.
Financial Flexibility: Spreading out payments makes modular training accessible to those who cannot afford a large upfront investment.
Additional Costs: While modular programs appear cost-effective initially, hidden expenses like travel, accommodation, and transitions between schools can increase the overall cost.
Budget Management: Students can save or secure funding between phases, making this model more adaptable to varying financial situations.
3. Time Availability
Time commitment plays a major role in deciding between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training programs.
Integrated Pilot Training
Full-Time Commitment: These programs require students to dedicate themselves full-time to their training, with little room for other commitments.
Faster Completion: With an 18–24 month timeline, Integrated Pilot Training programs are the fastest way to earn a CPL and start an aviation career.
Consistency in Learning: The cohesive structure minimizes interruptions, ensuring students stay focused and progress efficiently.
Ideal for Fresh Graduates: Students transitioning directly from academics often prefer the focused timeline of integrated programs.
Modular Pilot Training
Flexible Timelines: Modular Pilot Training allows students to progress at their own pace, accommodating personal schedules and other responsibilities.
Balancing Work and Training: Modular programs are perfect for working professionals or individuals managing family commitments.
Gradual Career Transition: Students can take breaks between phases, making it easier to transition into aviation without leaving their current careers abruptly.
Extended Training Duration: While flexible, modular programs often take several years to complete, which may delay career progress.
4. Importance of DGCA-Approved Flying Schools
Regardless of the pathway you choose, ensuring your training is completed at DGCA-approved flying schools is crucial for meeting regulatory standards.
Integrated Pilot Training
Seamless Approval Process: DGCA-approved integrated programs guarantee that all phases of training meet safety and quality standards.
Streamlined Licensing: Completing an integrated program simplifies the process of earning your CPL, as everything is aligned with DGCA requirements.
Modular Pilot Training
Phase-by-Phase Compliance: Each phase of modular training must be completed at a DGCA-approved institution to maintain certification validity.
Ensuring Quality Across Providers: Modular students must verify that all chosen schools meet DGCA standards to ensure consistency and compliance.
Which Pathway Is Right for You?
- Integrated Pilot Training is best for students seeking a fast, structured, and airline-preferred pathway to earning their CPL.
- Modular Pilot Training is ideal for those who value flexibility, incremental payments, and balancing training with other commitments.
Understanding the detailed pros and cons of Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training programs ensures you can make an informed decision that aligns with your goals and resources. Whichever pathway you choose, both lead to a successful career in aviation.
Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs: Top DGCA-Approved Flying Schools
Choosing the right flying school is essential when deciding between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs. The quality of your training depends on the infrastructure, curriculum, and accreditation of the institution. Here’s a list of top DGCA-approved flying schools in India offering both integrated and modular programs, and what sets them apart.
1. Florida Flyers Flight Academy India
Florida Flyers Flight Academy India is a leading name in pilot training, offering both Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs.
- Specialty: Known for its comprehensive CPL training programs, the academy offers students the flexibility to choose between integrated and modular pathways.
- Infrastructure: Advanced training simulators and a well-equipped fleet ensure high-quality training.
- Global Recognition: The academy’s international affiliations give students exposure to global aviation standards.
- Placement Opportunities: Graduates benefit from partnerships with major airlines, enhancing job prospects after training.
2. CAE Gondia
CAE Gondia is a top choice for students pursuing Integrated Pilot Training Programs.
- Specialty: Offers a structured and intensive integrated CPL training program designed to meet airline requirements.
- Advanced Training Facilities: Equipped with state-of-the-art simulators and aircraft, CAE Gondia provides an immersive learning experience.
- Airline Partnerships: The school’s collaboration with airlines ensures a clear career pathway for its graduates.
- Reputation: Recognized globally for its excellence in integrated training programs.
3. Indira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics
The Indira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics is unique in offering both Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs under one roof.
- Specialty: Students can choose between the structured timeline of integrated training or the flexibility of modular programs.
- Infrastructure: The school boasts advanced simulators, a diverse fleet, and experienced instructors.
- DGCA-Approved Programs: Both pathways meet strict DGCA standards, ensuring students receive high-quality training.
- Customization: Modular program students can tailor their training experience, while integrated program students follow a streamlined curriculum.
4. Indigo Cadet Program
The Indigo Cadet Program focuses exclusively on Integrated Pilot Training Programs, targeting students aiming for an airline career.
- Specialty: Offers airline-specific training tailored to Indigo’s operational requirements.
- Structured Curriculum: A fully integrated program designed to prepare students for the demands of commercial aviation.
- Guaranteed Placement: Graduates of the program often transition directly into roles within Indigo Airlines.
- Reputation: Known for its high placement rates and industry-specific training.
Choosing the Right School for Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs
Selecting a DGCA-approved flying school is just as important as choosing between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs. Each of these schools excels in its offerings, so the right choice depends on your preferred training style, career aspirations, and budget.
Whichever pathway you choose, training at a top institution ensures you receive quality education and are well-prepared for your future in aviation.
Conclusion: Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs in India
Choosing between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs in India is a pivotal decision for aspiring pilots. Both pathways lead to the same destination—a Commercial Pilot License (CPL)—but the journey differs in key aspects.
Key Differences Recap
Time Commitment
- Integrated Pilot Training Programs: Fast-track, full-time programs typically completed in 18–24 months.
- Modular Pilot Training Programs: Flexible timelines, often taking several years to complete depending on your pace.
Cost
- Integrated Pilot Training Programs require a significant upfront investment (INR 50–80 lakhs).
- Modular Pilot Training Programs offer a pay-as-you-go model (INR 30–60 lakhs), making them more accessible for students with budget constraints.
Structure
- Integrated programs follow a seamless, structured curriculum under one flying school.
- Modular programs provide flexibility, allowing students to train at multiple DGCA-approved schools for different phases.
DGCA Compliance
- Both programs must adhere to DGCA standards, ensuring high-quality training and valid certifications.
Aligning Training with Personal Goals
The choice between Integrated vs Modular Pilot Training Programs should reflect your personal aspirations, finances, and availability.
- If you’re focused on a fast, immersive experience and are ready for the financial commitment, Integrated Pilot Training Programs are ideal.
- If you prefer flexibility and incremental spending, or if you’re balancing training with other commitments, Modular Pilot Training Programs are a better fit.
Final Thought
Whether you choose integrated or modular pilot training programs, the ultimate goal remains the same—earning your wings and building a successful aviation career in India. The right choice is the one that aligns with your dreams, resources, and timeline. Whichever path you take, your journey to the skies starts here.
Contact the Florida Flyers Flight Academy India Team today at +91 (0) 1171 816622 to learn more about the Private Pilot Ground School Course.