He aha nā ʻāpana nui o kahi mokulele? ʻO ke alakaʻi hope loa #1

I ka hapa nui o nā ohua, he ʻōmole lele wale nō ka mokulele me nā ʻēheu. Akā ma lalo o kēlā ʻili i wili ʻia aia kahi pūnaewele o nā ʻōnaehana ʻenekinia i kūkulu ʻia a puni nā ʻāpana nui o kahi mokulele—ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēlā me kēia no kahi kumu kikoʻī, mai ka hana hāpai ʻana a hiki i ka kaohi kuhikuhi.

ʻAʻole wale no nā pailota a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻenekinia ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana. He mea nui ia no nā haumāna mokulele, nā kumu hoʻolele, nā mīkini mokulele, a me kekahi mea makemake e hoʻomaopopo maoli i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka lele. Inā ʻoe e aʻo ana no kāu manawa mua kula honua hoʻāʻo a i ʻole makemake wale i ka ʻike i ka mea e hoʻomau ai i ka mokulele i ka lewa, ʻo kēia alakaʻi kou wahi hoʻomaka.

E wāwahi mākou i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele, e wehewehe i kāna hana, a e hōʻike pehea e kōkua ai kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ka lele palekana, paʻa, a kāohi ʻia. I ka hopena, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike wale i nā ʻāpana mokulele—e hoʻomaopopo ʻoe pehea lākou e hana pū ai e lanakila ai i ka umekaumaha.

E hoʻomaka kākou me ke kiʻikuhi e hoʻopaʻa pū ana i nā mea a pau.

ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o ka Fuselage o kahi mokulele

ʻO ka fuselage kekahi o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa o ka mokulele—ʻo ia ke ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili ai nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau. ʻO ia ke kino lōʻihi a pololei e holo ana mai ka ihu a i ka huelo, e paʻa ana i nā mea nui loa o ka mokulele ma kahi.

I loko o ka fuselage, e ʻike ʻoe i ka cockpit, ke keʻena ohua, a me nā wahi ukana. I nā mokulele mokulele liʻiliʻi, he liʻiliʻi a hana pono kēia wahi, ʻoiai i nā mokulele kalepa nui, aia i loko o ka fuselage nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī no ka kaohi ʻana i ke aniau, ke kaomi ʻana, ka leʻaleʻa, a me nā mea hou aku.

Mai waho mai, ua like paha ia me kahi paipu metala maʻalahi—akā i loko, aia i loko o ka fuselage nā iwi ʻaoʻao kūkulu, nā pale, a me kahi pūpū i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kū i nā ikaika o ka lele ʻana ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe. Hana pinepine ʻia ia me nā mea hao alumini a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i hui pū ʻia e mālama i ke kaumaha haʻahaʻa me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa.

Inā ʻoe e aʻo ana e pili ana i nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele, e hoʻomaka me ka fuselage—ʻaʻole wale ke kiʻikuhi; ʻo ke kahua ia.

ʻO nā ʻĀpana Nui o kahi Mokulele ma ke Keʻena Hoʻokipa

ʻO kekahi mea nui i waena o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele ʻo ia ka cockpit—ke kikowaena aʻalolo ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe kahi e hoʻomaka ai a hoʻopau ai kēlā me kēia lele. ʻO kēia kahi e noho ai nā pailota a launa pū me ka mokulele ma o kahi hoʻonohonoho pono o mea lele, nā mea hana hoʻokele, a me nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio.

I nā mokulele hou, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā cockpits i kēia manawa he "glass cockpits," ʻo ia hoʻi he mau hōʻike kikohoʻe ma kahi o nā ana analog kuʻuna. Hāʻawi kēia mau panela kikohoʻe i ka ʻikepili manawa maoli e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki o ka ea, ke poʻo, ka hana ʻenekini, a me ke aniau—e maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi no nā pailota ke komo i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi.

Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻōnaehana, hoʻohui ka cockpit i nā mea āpau: nā kaohi lele, ka autopilot, nā transponders, nā lekiō, nā kamepiula hoʻokele, a me nā ʻōnaehana nānā mokuleleʻO ia nō hoʻi ke kikowaena no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā luina, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā mokulele he nui nā luina kahi e pono ai ke kamaʻilio pono.

Ma waena o nā ʻāpana nui a pau o ka mokulele, he mea kū hoʻokahi ka lumi hoʻokele mokulele—ʻo ia wale nō kahi i hoʻolaʻa piha ʻia no ka launa pū ʻana o ke kanaka me ka mīkini. Me ka ʻole o ia mea, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mokulele holomua loa ke lele palekana.

Nā ʻĀpana o ka Mokulele ma ke Keʻena

ka hale noho ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o ka mokulele kahi e noho ai nā ohua a me nā limahana. ʻOi aku ia ma mua o kahi noho wale nō—ua hoʻolālā ʻia no ka ʻoluʻolu, ka palekana, a me ke ola ʻana ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe.

I loko o ke keʻena, e ʻike ʻoe i nā lālani o nā noho, nā puka pilikia, nā ʻōpala ma luna, nā lua, a me nā keʻena kuke no ka ʻai ʻana. I loko o nā mokulele kalepa, ua hoʻolālā pono ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻīniha e hoʻokomo i ka nui o nā ohua e like me ka hiki me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lula palekana.

ʻO kahi hana koʻikoʻi o ke keʻena mokulele, ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i nā kānaka i ka palekana a me ka ʻoluʻolu i ka wā e lele ana ma 30,000 kapuaʻi. ʻOiai he lahilahi a he hau ka ea o waho, pono ka mokulele e mālama i ke keʻena i ke kaomi a me ka mahana.

ʻOiai ke ʻano o ke keʻena mokulele me he wahi no nā ohua wale nō, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui loa o ka mokulele—ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wā pilikia.

ʻEheu Nā ʻāpana o ka mokulele

eheu ʻo ia nā ʻāpana i ʻike nui ʻia a maʻalahi hoʻi e ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele—a hana lākou i ka hapa nui o ka hana e lele ai ka mokulele.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻēheu e hana i ka hāpai ʻana. Ke kahe ka ea ma luna a ma lalo o ka ʻili piʻo, hana ia i kahi ʻokoʻa kaomi e hoʻokuke i ka mokulele i luna. Hahai kēia hoʻolālā i kahi kumumanaʻo i kapa ʻia Ke Kumu o Bernoulli.

Hoʻokomo pū nā ʻēheu o kēia wā i nā flaps, slats, a me nā lau—kōkua kēia i ka huli ʻana, ka lele ʻana, a me ka pae ʻana. I loko o nā ʻēheu, e ʻike pū ʻoe i nā pahu wahie, i kau pono ʻia e mālama i ke kaulike o ka mokulele.

Hoʻopilikia ke ʻano o nā ʻēheu i ke ʻano o ka lele ʻana o ka mokulele. Eia kekahi laʻana:

• Nā ʻēheu dihedral (kihi i luna) hoʻohui i ke kūpaʻa.
• Nā ʻēheu Anhedral (i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia i lalo) hoʻohana ʻia no nā mokulele wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka agile.

Me ka ʻole o nā ʻēheu, ʻaʻohe mokulele e lele—ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui loa o ka mokulele.

Nā ʻĀpana Nui o ka Mokulele ʻo Empennage

ʻO ka empennage, a i ʻole ka ʻāpana huelo, kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele i ka wā e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa a me ka kaohi i ka lele ʻana.

Loaʻa iā ia ʻehā mau ʻāpana nui:

• ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa pae, ka mea e mālama ai i ka pae ihu
• ʻO ka elevator, ka mea e kōkua ai i ka mokulele e piʻi a iho paha
• ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa kūpaʻa, ka mea e mālama ai i ka mokulele mai ka neʻe ʻana mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kēia ʻaoʻao
• ʻO ka hoeuli, ka mea e kōkua ai i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ke kuhikuhi o ka mokulele i ka hema a i ʻole ka ʻākau (yaw)

I ka hui pū ʻana, hana kēia mau ʻāpana e like me nā hulu ma ka pua—e mālama ana i ka mokulele i ke kūpaʻa a kuhikuhi i ke ala kūpono. Inā hāʻule ka empennage, lilo ka mokulele i mea paʻa ʻole a paʻakikī ke kaohi, ʻoiai inā e hana pono ana nā ʻēheu a me nā ʻenekini.

No laila, ʻoiai e noho mālie ana ma hope, he kuleana nui ka empennage i ke kōkua ʻana i ka mokulele e noho kaulike i ka lewa.

Nā ʻĀpana Kaʻa Pae o kahi Mokulele

ʻAʻole paha e kōkua ke kapa pae i ka lele ʻana o ka mokulele, akā ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele e hiki ai ke lele a me ka pae ʻana.

Aia kēia:

• Mea hana ihu, aia ma lalo o ka lumi hoʻokele
• Mea hana nui, waiho ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻēheu a i ʻole ka fuselage
• huila, ke kali, a mea hoʻohoihoi nāna e lawelawe i ka hopena o ka pae ʻana

Aia nā hoʻonohonoho pono like ʻole. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka pono pae tricycle—me hoʻokahi huila ihu a me ʻelua mau huila nui. Hoʻohana kekahi mau mokulele kahiko a liʻiliʻi paha i kahi hoʻolālā taildragger, me kahi huila liʻiliʻi ma ke kua.

I nā mokulele hou, hiki ke huki ʻia ke kia, e pelu ana i loko o ka fuselage a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻēheu ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia nā ʻōnaehana kia me ka lima, hydraulically, a i ʻole ka uila—ma muli o ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka mokulele.

Me ka ʻole o nā lako pae hilinaʻi, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi mokulele ke haʻalele a hoʻi palekana paha i ke ala holo mokulele—e lilo ia i mea pono i waena o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele.

Nā ʻenekini: Kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui ikaika loa o kahi mokulele

Ma waena o nā ʻāpana nui a pau o ka mokulele, ʻo ka ʻenekini ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ka mokulele i ka mana e neʻe i mua a lele i ka lewa.

ʻElua ʻano maʻamau:

• Nā ʻenekini mokulele, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hapa nui o nā mokulele kalepa a me nā mokulele koa
• Nā ʻenekini propeller, i loaʻa ma nā mokulele liʻiliʻi a me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa

Hana nā ʻano ʻelua ma ka hana ʻana ʻōkuhi, ka mea e hoʻokuke ai i ka mokulele i mua. Ke piʻi ka wikiwiki o ka mokulele, kahe ka ea ma luna o nā ʻēheu, e hana ana i ka hāpai ʻana.

Hiki ke kau ʻia nā ʻenekini ma nā wahi like ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻolālā mokulele:

• Ma lalo o nā ʻēheu (ʻo ka mea maʻamau ma nā mokulele kalepa)
• Ma ka fuselage hope (mea maʻamau i nā mokulele ʻoihana)
• I kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka fuselage (ʻike ʻia ma kekahi mau hoʻolālā kahiko a koa paha)

Hoʻokomo pū nā mokulele hou i nā ʻōnaehana ʻenekini keu no ka palekana. Inā paha e hāʻule kekahi ʻenekini, hiki nō i ka mokulele ke lele pū me kekahi. I ka manawa like, ke hana mau nei nā mea hana mokulele e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka wahie, e hoʻolilo ana i ka lele ʻana i mea hoʻomau a kūpono hoʻi i ke kumukūʻai.

Ma hea lākou i waiho ʻia ai a pehea lākou e hana ai, ʻo nā ʻenekini kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele.

Nā ʻIli Mana: Nā ʻĀpana Neʻe e Alakaʻi ana i kahi Mokulele

ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻēheu e hoʻoulu ai i ka hāpai ʻana a hāʻawi nā ʻenekini i ka mana, ʻo nā ʻili hoʻomalu e hiki ai i ka pailota ke hoʻokele. Loaʻa kēia mau ʻāpana neʻe ma nā ʻēheu a me ka huelo—a he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi lākou o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele.

Eia ka hana a kēlā me kēia:

• ʻAilona kaohi (ma luna o nā ʻēheu) 'ōwili—kōkua lākou i ka mokulele e hoʻohuli i ka hema a i ʻole ka ʻākau
• Nā Elevators kaohi (ma ka huelo) Kūpono—inā piʻi a iho paha ka ihu
• hoeuliuli nā mana (ma luna o ka mea hoʻopaʻa kūpaʻa) auwē—ke hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ihu i ka hema a i ʻole ka ʻākau

ʻO nā ʻili ʻē aʻe e komo pū ana me:

• Ka poʻe kūʻai, e kōkua ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hāpai ʻana a hoʻolohi i ka mokulele i ka wā e iho ana
• Pākuʻi lewa, hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻemi i ka wikiwiki me ka hilinaʻi ʻole i ka mana o ka mīkini
• ʻOki i nā ʻaoʻao, ka mea e hoʻoponopono pono ai i ke kaulike i ʻole e hana ka pailota i nā hoʻoponopono mau

I ka hui pū ʻana, hāʻawi kēia mau ʻili i nā pailota i ka mana piha o ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mokulele i ka lewa. Pane lākou i nā mea liʻiliʻi—akā hana i kahi ʻokoʻa nui i ke ʻano o ka lawelawe ʻana o ka mokulele, ʻoiai i ka wā o ka lele ʻana, ka pae ʻana, a me nā huli ʻana.

Me ka ʻole o nā ʻili kaohi, hiki i ka mokulele ke lele—akā, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻolele ʻia.

Bonus: Nā ʻĀpana Kōkua e Kākoʻo ana i nā ʻĀpana Nui o kahi Mokulele

ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻēheu, nā ʻenekini, a me nā mea pae e hana i ka hapa nui o ka hāpai kaumaha, aia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e hana mālie ana ma hope o nā hiʻohiʻona. ʻAʻole paha e ʻike maopopo ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana kōkua, akā kākoʻo lākou i ka hana palekana a me ka pono o nā ʻāpana nui a pau o ka mokulele.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi loa ka ʻōnaehana pitot-static. Loaʻa iā ia nā paipu pitot a me nā awa static e kōkua i ke ana ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka ea a me ke kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea ʻike liʻiliʻi i ka ʻikepili i nā mea hana o ka mokulele—me ka ʻole o lākou, ʻaʻole ʻike ka pailota i ka wikiwiki a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lele ʻana o ka mokulele.

A laila aia nā ʻēheu liʻiliʻi—ʻo ia mau wēlau piʻo i luna ma ka hopena o nā ʻēheu hou he nui. Hoʻomaikaʻi lākou i ka pono o ka wahie ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kauō a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kahe ʻana o ka ea ma luna o nā ʻēheu, ʻoiai i ka wā holo.

ʻO nā ʻāpana kōkua ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka waihona ukana, i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka fuselage haʻahaʻa a hoʻohana ʻia no nā ukana a me nā ukana, a me ke kai avionics, kahi e noho ai nā ʻōnaehana uila no ka hoʻokele, kamaʻilio, a me ka nānā ʻana.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua lako nā mokulele āpau me nā ʻōnaehana kukui koʻikoʻi:

• Nā kukui hoʻokele hōʻike i ke kūlana a me ke kuhikuhi o ka mokulele
• Nā kukui kūʻē kūʻē kōkua i ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka mokulele i ka wā ʻike haʻahaʻa
• Nā kukui pae kōkua i ka wā lele a me ka hoʻokokoke ʻana

ʻAʻole paha kēia mau hiʻohiʻona nā hōkū o ka hōʻike, akā kōkua lākou i nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau e hana pū—e lilo ana lākou i mea hoʻonui koʻikoʻi o nā ʻāpana nui o ka mokulele.

Panina

ʻOi aku kēlā me kēia mokulele ma ka lewa ma mua o ka metala a me nā mīkini—he ʻōnaehana i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia kahi e pāʻani ai kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi. Hana pū nā ʻāpana nui o kahi mokulele—mai ka fuselage a me nā ʻēheu a hiki i ke kapa pae, nā ʻili hoʻomalu, a me nā mīkini—e hana pū ana e hiki ai ke lele, palekana, a me ka maikaʻi.

Inā ʻoe e ʻimi nei i kahi ʻoihana ma ka mokulele a i ʻole e hoʻonui wale ana i kou ʻike, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana ʻaʻole ia he koho—he mea nui ia. Kōkua ia iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hana ai nā mokulele, pehea e hoʻoholo ai nā pailota i ka wā e lele ana, a pehea e pane ai nā ʻōnaehana i nā kūlana o ke ao maoli.

No nā haumāna pailota, kūkulu kēia ʻike i ka hilinaʻi. No nā poʻe hoihoi i ka mokulele, hoʻonui ia i ka mahalo. A no nā poʻe loea o ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia ka hana mua i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka lewa.

Mākaukau e hoʻohana i kēia ʻike? E hoʻopaʻa i kahi mokulele ʻike me ʻO Florida Flyers Flight Academy India a ʻike pono i ke ʻano o ke ola ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka mokulele i ka lewa.

Nā nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻia: Ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui o kahi mokulele

E kāhea aku i ka Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team i kēia lā ma 91 (0) 1171 816622 e aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka Papahana Kula Honua Pilot Pilikino.

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