Ko te huarere tētahi o ngā mea tino nui i roto i te rererangi, e awe ana i ia wāhanga o te rerenga. Mā te whakamārama tika i te huarere ka āwhina i ngā pailate ki te whakatau whai whakaaro, kia mau ai te haumaru me te whai huatanga. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai ngā METAR me ngā TAF—e rua ngā pūrongo huarere nui e whakamahia ana i roto i te rererangi hei whakarato i ngā āhuatanga me ngā matapae wā-tūturu i ngā taunga rererangi o te ao.
Mā ngā METAR (Meteorological Aerodrome Reports) ka kitea ngā huarere o nāianei, ka tukuna atu ki ngā pailate ngā taipitopito hou mō te hau, te tirohanga, te kapua, me te pēhanga hau. Engari, mā ngā TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts), ka taea te whakarite rautaki mō ngā rererangi me ngā whakarerekētanga.
He pūkenga taketake te mārama ki te pānui i ngā METAR me ngā TAF mō ngā pailate. Ka āwhina ēnei pūrongo ki te aromatawai i ngā tūponotanga o te rangi, te whakatau i ngā huarahi kē atu, me te whakatau i ngā whakatau nui mō te haere me te kore haere. Ka wetewetehia e tēnei aratohu te hanganga o ngā pūrongo METAR me te TAF, me te whakamārama me pēhea te whakamārama i aua mea kia pai ai te haumaru me te whai hua o ngā rerenga.
He aha ngā METAR me ngā TAF?
I roto i te rererangi, he pūrongo huarere nui ngā METAR me ngā TAF e whakarato ana ki ngā pailate i ngā āhuatanga huarere i ngā taunga rererangi i te wā tūturu me ngā āhuatanga huarere kua matapaetia. Ka āwhina ēnei pūrongo i roto i whakamahere rererangi, me te whakarite kia mōhio ngā pailate ki ngā tūponotanga kino o te rangi i mua i te te taunga ka tau ki uta.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te METAR (Pūrongo Ātea Rererangi Meteorological)
A METARU he pūrongo huarere rererangi e whakarato ana i tētahi whakaahua wā-tūturu o ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i te taunga rererangi. Kei roto ko ngā raraunga nui pēnei i te tere o te hau, te tirohanga, te taupoki kapua, te pāmahana, me te pēhanga o te hau. Ka tukuna ngā METAR haora ā, e whakamahia ana e ngā pailate, nga kaiwhakahaere waka rererangi, me ngā tohunga huarere hei aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te TAF (Te Matapae Taunga Rererangi Terminal)
A mahi he matapae huarere e pā ana ki tētahi taunga rererangi, e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga e tumanakohia ana mō tētahi wā kua whakaritea, i te nuinga o te wā 24, 30 ranei haoraHe rerekē ki ngā METAR, e pūrongo ana i te huarere o nāianei, ka whakaratohia e ngā TAF he tirohanga ki ngā huringa ā muri ake nei, e āhei ai ngā pailate ki te whakarite mō ngā huringa huarere pea i mua i te wehenga atu, i te taenga mai rānei.
Ngā Rerekētanga Matua i waenga i ngā METAR me ngā TAF
| Āhuahira | METARU | mahi |
|---|---|---|
| taumu'a | Te tirotiro i te rangi i te wā tūturu | Matapae mō ngā āhuatanga o te rangi ā muri ake nei |
| I tukuna i ia | Ia hāora (inā hiahiatia rānei mō ngā whakahōutanga) | E whā ngā wā i te rā (0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 UTC) |
| Te whaimana | E tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga o nāianei | Ka hipoki i ngā wā matapae 24, 30 rānei-hāora |
| wae | Hau, tirohanga, kapua, pāmahana, pēhanga, kōrero | Te hau e tumanakohia ana, te tirohanga, ngā kapua, ngā huringa o te rangi |
Mā ngā METAR ka āwhina ngā pailate ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o nāianei, ā, mā ngā TAF ka taea e rātou te matapae i ngā huringa i tō rātou ara rere. He mea nui ngā pūrongo e rua mō te whakamahere me te whakatau kaupapa rere.
Me pēhea te pānui i tētahi pūrongo METAR
He whakatakotoranga hanganga kei roto i te pūrongo METAR me ngā mōhiohio kua whakakōwaea. He mea nui te wetewete tika i tēnei pūrongo hei whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i te taunga rererangi.
Te Wehewehe i tētahi Waehere METAR
E whai ana te pūrongo METAR paerewa i tēnei whakatakotoranga:
Tauira METAR:
EGLL 051250Z 22010KT 9999 -RA SCT020 BKN030 18/12 Q1015 NOSIG
Ko ia huānga o tēnei pūrongo e tohu ana i ngā raraunga huarere motuhake:
1. Tautuhinga Teihana (Waehere Taunga Rererangi ICAO)
te ngā reta tuatahi e whā e tohu ana i te waehere ICAO o te taunga rererangi. I tēnei tauira, ATU e tu ana Rererangi Heathrow Rererangi.
2. Te Rā me te Wā (UTC)
te 051250Z ko te tikanga i tukuna te pūrongo i runga i te Te 5 o ngā rā o te marama i te 12:50 UTC. te 'Z' tohu Te wā Zulu (UTC).
3. Te Aronga me te Tere o te Hau
te 22010KT ko te tikanga kei te pupuhi te hau mai i 220° i te 10 knots.
- "KT" e tohu ana i ngā pona (maero moana ia hāora).
- Mena ka puta te kupu “G” (hei tauira, 22010G18KT), e tohu ana i ngā hau kaha o te 18 knots.
4. Te tirohanga (i roto i ngā mita, i ngā maero ture rānei)
te 9999 tohu tirohanga mō te 10 kiromita, neke atu rānei.
- Mena e kī ana te pūrongo 0500, ko tōna tikanga he kitea te tirohanga 500 mita, nā te kohu, te ua nui rānei i te nuinga o te wā.
5. Nga Tikanga Huarere
"-RA" tohu he uaKo ētahi atu waehere noa ko:
- RA – Ua
- SN – Hukarere
- FG – Kohu
- TS – Whatitiri
- DZ – He maturuturu
6. Te Āhua o te Rangi (Te Kapua me te Teitei)
te SCT020 BKN030 te tikanga:
- SCT020 - Ngā kapua marara i te 2,000 putu te teitei i runga ake i te taumata o te whenua.
- BKN030 - Ngā kapua pakaru i te 3,000 putu te teitei.
- If OVC ka puta, ko te tikanga nga ahuatanga pouri.
7. Te Pāmahana me te Pūwāhi Tomairangi
te 18/12 te tikanga:
- 18 ° C ko te pāmahana o te hau.
- 12 ° C ko te ira tomairangi (te pāmahana e puta ai te hauhautanga).
8. Tautuhinga Ārahi (Pēhanga i roto i te hPa, Inihi rānei o te Mercury)
te Q1015 ko te tikanga ko te pēhanga hau 1015hPa (ngā hectopascal).
- I te US, ka inehia te pēhanga i roto i ngā inihi o te mercury (hei tauira, A2992 tikanga 29.92 inHg).
9. Wāhanga Kōrero (Ngā Taipitopito Āpiti mō te Huarere)
te NOSIG tikanga "Kāore he Huringa Nui o te Huarere" e tūmanakohia ana i roto i ngā haora e rua e whai ake nei. Ko ētahi atu kōrero ka uru atu ki te kutikuti hau, ngā āhuatanga o te ara rererangi, ngā ia o te pāmahana rānei.
Mā te wehewehe i ia wāhanga o tētahi pūrongo METAR, ka taea e ngā pailate te aromatawai wawe i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i te taunga rererangi, me te whakatau whai whakaaro mō te haumaru rere me te whakamahere.
3. Me pēhea te pānui i tētahi pūrongo TAF
A TAF (Matapae Taunga Rererangi o te Taunga Rererangi) whakaratohia matapae huarere taipitopito mō tētahi taunga rererangi motuhake, e āwhina ana i ngā pailate ki te matapae i ngā huringa o te rangi i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Kāore i rite ki ngā METAR, e pūrongo ana nga tikanga o naianei, mā ngā TAF ka taea e ngā pailate te whakarite mō ngā tūponotanga kino pea o te rangi i mua i te wehenga atu, i te taenga mai rānei.
Te Wehewehe i tētahi Waehere TAF
He rite te hanganga o ngā TAF ki ngā METAR engari kei roto anō ngā wāhanga matapae. Anei tētahi tauira Pūrongo TAF me tōna wehewehenga:
Tauira TAF:
TAF KJFK 051730Z 0518/0624 18012KT P6SM BKN050
TEMPO 0520/0524 4SM -SHRA OVC030
FM060000 20010KT 5SM SHRA BKN025
PROB30 0603/0606 2SM TSRA OVC015CB
Kei ia wāhanga o tēnei TAF ngā taipitopito huarere nui:
1. Hanganga TAF me te Roanga o te Matapae
- KJFK: Te waehere taunga rererangi ICAO (Te Taunga Rererangi o te Ao o John F. Kennedy).
- 051730Z: I whakaputaina i te Te 5 o ngā rā o te marama i te 17:30 UTC.
- 0518 / 0624: Wā matapae mai i te 5 i te 18:00 UTC ki te 6 i te 24:00 UTC (matapae mō te 30 hāora).
2. Matapae Hau me te Tirohanga
- 18012KT: Te hau mai i 180° i te 12 knots.
- P6SM: Ko te tirohanga neke atu i te 6 maero ture.
3. Ngā Matapae mō te Taupoki Kapua me ngā Āhuatanga o te Huarere
- BKN050: Paparanga kapua pakaru i 5,000 waewae i runga ake i te taumata o te whenua.
- OVC030: Ngā kapua kōruru i 3,000 waewae.
- -SHRA: E tūmanakohia ana he ua māmā mō tēnei wā.
4. Ngā Tūponotanga me ngā Tohu Huringa
Kei roto i ngā TAF ngā tohu huringa motuhake hei whakaatu i te whanaketanga pea o ngā āhuatanga o te rangi:
- TEMPO 0520/0524 4SM -SHRA OVC030: rangitahi (TEMPO) ngā huringa huarere i waenganui i 20:00 me 24:00 UTC me te whakaiti i te tirohanga ki 4 maero ture me ngā kapua kōruru i 3,000 waewae.
- FM060000 20010KT 5SM SHRA BKN025: "FM" (Mai) e tohu ana i tētahi huringa nui, mai i 00:00 UTC i te 6 o, ka huri te hau ki 200° i te 10 knots, me ngā ua mātotoru me ngā kapua pakaru i 2,500 waewae.
- PROB30 0603/0606 2SM TSRA OVC015CB: "PROB30" (30% te tūponotanga) waenganui 03:00 me 06:00 UTC o ngā whatitiri (TSRA) me ngā kapua cumulonimbus kua taupokina e te kapua 1,500 waewae.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā pailate te matapae i ngā ia o te huarere kei te heke mai, me te hanga i ngā whakarerekētanga e tika ana ki ā rātou mahere rere.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua o ngā METAR me ngā TAF i roto i te Whakamahere Rere
He taputapu tino nui ngā METAR me ngā TAF mō te whakamahere rerenga, hei āwhina i ngā pailate ki te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i mua i te wehenga atu, puta noa hoki i te rerenga.
Te Whakamahinga a ngā Pailate i ngā METAR me ngā TAF mō te Aromatawai Huarere i mua i te Rere
I mua i te rerenga, ka tātarihia e ngā pailate ngā METAR kia mārama ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te taunga rererangi o nāianei, me ngā TAF hei matapae i ngā huringa o te rangi i a rātou e haere ana, me te taenga atu ki te taunga. He āwhina tēnei ki:
- Te tautuhi tauira hau mō te rerenga me te taunga.
- Te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga tirohanga mō te whakatere haumaru.
- Te matapae i te taupoki kapua me te ua, ka pā pea ki ngā tukanga whakatata me te taunga.
Te Tāutu i ngā Āhuatanga Huarere Tino Kino
Me aro nui ki ētahi āhuatanga o te rangi kua pūrongohia i roto i ngā METAR me ngā TAF:
- Te Tirohanga Iti (≤1 SM, 1600m rānei): Tērā pea ka arahi ki ngā whakaroa, ki te taunga o ngā taputapu, ki ngā tahuritanga kē rānei.
- Te pōrearea (TS, CB, WS): Ngā whatitiri (TS), ngā kapua cumulonimbus (CB), me te kutikuti hau (WS) e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga rere morearea.
- Ngā Mōrearea Hukapapa (-SN, FZRA, OVC Ngā Teitei Iti): Ua tio (FZRA) ā, ka taea e ngā paparanga kapua iti e taupokina ana te arahi ki hukapapa rererangi, e hiahia ana ki ngā tikanga tango hukapapa, ki ngā whakarerekētanga teitei rānei.
Te Whakatau i te Haere/Kāore i te Haere i runga i ngā Pūrongo Huarere
- Huarere Pai (Ngā Āhuatanga VFR): Ki te pai te tirohanga, he pumau ngā hau, ā, kāore he awha nui e matapaetia ana, ka haere tonu ngā pailate me te rere e ai ki te whakamahere.
- Ngā Tikanga Tawhiti, IFR rānei: Mena he iti te tirohanga, he hau kaha, he rangi pōuriuri rānei, ka whakaroa pea ngā pailate i te wehenga, ka whiriwhiri i tētahi atu huarahi, ka whakarite rānei mō ngā tukanga rere taputapu.
- Huarere Kino (Āwhā, Hau Pakaru, Ua Hukapapa): Mena he mōrearea ngā āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā pailate te whiriwhiri i tētahi whakatau kore-haere rānei he mahere mō tētahi mahi whakararuraru.
Mā te mārama ki te whakamārama i ngā METAR me ngā TAF ka taea e ngā pailate te whakatau mahere rere atamai ake, kia mau ai te haumaru me te whai huatanga o ia mahi.
Ngā Wero me ngā Hē Noa i te Whakamārama i ngā METAR me ngā TAF
Ahakoa he taputapu nui ngā METAR me ngā TAF mō ngā pailate, ka taea e te whakamāoritanga hē te arahi ki te whakatau koretake. Mā ngā hapa i te pānui i ngā pūrongo huarere ka hua ake he wero ohorere i roto i te rerenga, he tahuritanga ke, he whakaroa rānei. Anei ētahi hapa noa me karo e ngā pailate:
Te Pānui Hē i te Aronga o te Hau me ngā Here Tirohanga
Ko te ahunga o te hau i roto i ngā METAR ka whakaaturia i roto i ngā nekehanga pono, ehara i te aukume, ka arahi pea tēnei ki ngā tataunga hē i te wā e whakamahere ana mō te rerenga me te taunga.
Ka rerekē ngā uara tirohanga i ia rohe; ko ētahi whenua e kī ana i te tirohanga i roto i ngā mita, ko ētahi e whakamahi ana i ngā maero ture, ka raru pea mēnā kāore i te whakamāramahia marietia.
Te Tirohanga ki ngā Huringa Huarere Nui i roto i ngā TAF
I ētahi wā ka arotahi noa ngā pailate ki te wā matapae matua, ka wareware i ngā tohu whakawhiti pēnei i te FM (Mai i) me te TEMPO (Ngā Huringa Rangitahi), e tohu ana i ngā huringa nui engari poto te wā o ngā āhuatanga o te rangi.
Ki te kore e whakaarohia ngā matapae tūponotanga (PROB30, PROB40) ka arahi pea ki ngā tūtakitanga ohorere ki ngā huarere kino pērā i te whatitiri me te kohu.
Kāore e Whai Whakaaro ana ki ngā Āhuatanga Rangitahi (TEMPO, BECMG) i roto i ngā Rererangi Mamao
I ngā huarahi roa, ka taea e ngā panoni huarere e matapaetia ana i ngā wāhanga BECMG (Te Hoko) me te TEMPO (Te Wā Poto) o te TAF te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga rere i te huarahi, i te ūnga rānei.
A TAF "pai" i te wā wehenga atu, tērā pea kāore e whakaata i ngā āhuatanga o te taenga mai, inā koa i ngā rohe huarere hihiri e puta ai ngā huringa ohorere.
Hei karo i ēnei mahanga noa, me āta whakamārama ngā āhuatanga katoa o ngā METAR me ngā TAF, kia tino rite ai ngā pailate mō ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te rangi puta noa i tā rātou rerenga.
Ngā Utauta me ngā Rauemi mō te Whakauru atu ki ngā METAR me ngā TAF
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā pailate ki ngā pūrongo huarere ā-wā tonu hei whakarite i ngā mahi rere haumaru. He maha ngā taputapu e whakarato ana i te urunga ki ngā METAR me ngā TAF, e āhei ai ngā pailate ki te tiki i ngā raraunga huarere hou i mua atu, i te wā hoki e rere ana.
Ngā Paetukutuku me ngā Taupānga Pai rawa atu mō ngā METAR me ngā TAF Wā-tūturu
Te Pokapū Huarere Rererangi (aviationweather.gov): E whakarato ana i ngā METAR me ngā TAF o te ao whānui, ngā whakaahua radar me te amiorangi.
NOAA ADDS (aviationweather.gov/adds): He taputapu whānui mā ngā pailate ki te uru atu ki ngā pūrongo huarere kua wetewetehia.
Haurangi (windy.com): E tuku ana i ngā METAR me ngā TAF me ngā mahere huarere ā-kanohi.
Rererangi: He taupānga utu nui e whakauru ana i ngā METAR me ngā TAF me ngā taputapu whakamahere rere.
Me pēhea te tiki i ngā METAR me ngā TAF mā te ATIS (Ratonga Mōhiohio Pūrua Aunoa)
Ka whakapāho a ATIS i ngā mōhiohio huarere o te taunga rererangi kua oti te tuhi, tae atu ki ngā pūrongo METAR, ngā ara rererangi e ora ana, me Nga NOTAM (Nga Panui ki nga Airmen).
Ka taea e ngā pailate te whakarongo ki ngā pūrongo ATIS mā ngā auau VHF i ngā taunga rererangi nui, te tirotiro rānei i te ATIS mamati mā ngā taupānga rererangi.
Te Whakamahi i te Pūmanawa Whakamahere Rererangi hei Whakauru i ngā Pūrongo Huarere
- Ngā taputapu whakamahere rererangi matatau pērā i Rererangi, Garmin Pilot, a SkyVector kia taea ai e ngā pailate te whakakikorua i ngā METAR me ngā TAF i runga i tā rātou huarahi kua whakaritea, kia pai ai te whakauru i ngā raraunga huarere ki te whakatere me te whakamahere huarahi kē.
- Ka whiwhi hoki ngā kamupene rererangi me ngā pailate arumoni i ngā METAR me ngā TAF mā roto i ngā pūnaha ACARS rererangi, e āhei ai te whakahōu i te huarere i te wā e rere ana.
Mā te whakamahi i ēnei taputapu, ka taea e ngā pailate te uru atu ki ngā raraunga huarere tika, i te wā tonu, ka taea ai te whakatau whai whakaaro hei whakarei ake i te haumaru me te whai huatanga o te rere.
Opaniraa
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā METAR me ngā TAF mō ia pailate, nā te mea ka whakaratohia e ēnei pūrongo ngā raraunga huarere nui e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mahi rere haumaru me te whai hua. Ka whakaratohia e ngā METAR ngā āhuatanga tūturu i ngā taunga rererangi, ā, ka āwhina ngā TAF ki te matapae i ngā huringa huarere pea, ka taea ai e ngā pailate te whakatau whai whakaaro i mua i te rerenga me te wā e rere ana.
Mā te mahi auau ki te wetewete i ēnei pūrongo ka whakarei ake i te kaha o te pailate ki te aromatawai tere i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, ki te matapae i ngā wero, me te whakarerekē i ngā mahere rere. Mā te mōhio ki te ahunga o te hau, ngā here tirohanga, te taupoki kapua, me ngā ia o te matapae, ka taea e ngā pailate te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te huarere kino.
Hei whakamārama pai i ngā raraunga huarere rererangi, me whakataurite ngā pailate i ngā METAR me ngā TAF me ētahi atu puna huarere, pērā i ngā whakaahua radar, ngā pāhotanga ATIS, me ngā taputapu whakamahere rere wā-tūturu. Mā te noho mōhio ki ngā huringa me te arotake i ngā au o ēnei pūrongo ka pai ake te mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga, ka hua ake he rerenga haumaru ake, he mahi maeneene ake hoki.
Ehara i te mea he whakaritenga ture noa iho te matatau ki ngā METAR me ngā TAF—he pūkenga hoki e whakarei ake ana i te haumaru rere, te whakatau kaupapa, me te whakapono whānui ki roto i te kokopiti.
Whakapā atu ki te Florida Flyers Flight Academy Inia Te tīma i tēnei rā i + 91 (0) 1171 816622 ki te ako atu mo te Akoranga Kura Kaupapa Whenua Motuhake.
