Uri kufunga nezvekuva mutyairi wendege kuIndia. Une chishuwo chikuru, handiti?
Asi pamwe wakaremerwa. Danho guru, uye hauzive pekutangira.
Heino nyaya: Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege India haisi yekungonyoresa ku ndege yechikoroRwendo urwu runotanga nekunzwisisa zvinhu zvekutanga uye kuvaka hunyanzvi huchaita kuti ubudirire mukufambisa ndege.
Mugwaro rino, tichatsanangura zvese izvi kwauri. Kubva pakukodzera uye kudzidziswa kusvika kusarudzo dzebasa nekukura, tichatsanangura zvaunoda kuti utange—uye kuti ungaita sei kuti chiroto chako chekubhururuka chive chechokwadi.
Wagadzirira here? Ngatitangei kuronga matanho ebasa rako reroto.
Nzira yekutanga basa remutyairi wendege muIndia
Kutanga basa rekutyaira ndege muIndia kunoda kuronga kwakarongeka, kuzadzisa zvitupa zvedzidzo, uye kuwana zvitupa zvakakodzera. Pazasi pane gwara rakazara rakagadzirirwa Maitiro Ekutanga Basa Rekutyaira Ndege muIndia kune vanoda kutyaira ndege.
Danho 1: Nzwisisa Zvinodiwa Pakudzidza
- Vadzidzi vanofanirwa kunge vakapedza 10+2 neFizikisi neMasvomhu sezvidzidzo zvinosungirwa kubva kubhodhi rinozivikanwa.
- Vadzidzi vasiri vesainzi vanogona kuzadzisa chinodiwa ichi nekutora makosi akaenzana muFizikisi neMasvomhu kubva ku Sangano reNyika reKudzidzisa Kwakasununguka (NIOS) kana masangano akafanana.
Danho rechipiri: Sangana nezvinodiwa zveKukodzera
- Criteria Zera: Makore gumi nemanomwe (17) ekuti unyorese muzvirongwa zvekudzidziswa kwekutyaira ndege.
- Kurapa Kusimba: Chengetedza gwaro rakatenderwa neDGCA Kirasi 2 Medical Chitupa kubva kuvaongorori vezvekurapa vane hunyanzvi. Izvi zvinoita kuti usvike pazvinodiwa zvehutano hwemuviri nepfungwa pakubhururuka.
- Unyanzvi hweChirunguKunzwisisa Chirungu zvakanyanya, chakanyorwa uye chinotaurwa, kwakakosha sezvo chiri icho mutauro wekutaurirana nendege.
Danho 3: Sarudza Yakakodzera Kubhururuka Chikoro
Kusarudza a Chikoro chendege chakatenderwa neDGCA Zvakakosha pakuwana kudzidziswa kunodiwa kuti uwane License yeCommercial Pilot (CPL). Zvikoro zvakakurumbira muIndia zvinosanganisira:
- Florida Flyers Flight Academy India
- CAE Gondia (National Flying Training Institute)
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics
Iva nechokwadi chekuti chikoro chinopa chirongwa cheCPL chakarongeka chinosanganisira ruzivo rwedzidziso (mitemo yendege, mamiriro ekunze, kufamba) uye maawa ekubhururuka anoshanda.
Danho rechina: Chengetedza Zvitupa Zvinodiwa
- Nyorera muchirongwa cheCommercial Pilot License (CPL) chinoda maawa angangoita mazana maviri eruzivo rwekubhururuka, kusanganisira kubhururuka uri wega, uchiyambuka nyika, uye uchibhururuka nemidziyo.
- Kuyera Zviridzwa (IR) uye Multi-Engine Rating (MER) zvitupa zvinovandudza mukana wekuwana basa uye zvinoita kuti ukwanise kuita mabasa epamusoro.
Danho rechishanu: Kupasa bvunzo dzeDGCA
DGCA inoita bvunzo dzevanenge vachida kukwikwidza munhandare dzendege munzvimbo dzakadai se kufamba kwemhepo, ruzivo rwezvemamiriro ekunze, ruzivo rwezvehunyanzvi, uye ruzivo rweredhiyo. Kupasa bvunzo idzi kwakakosha kuti uwane CPL yako.
Danho 6: Chiitiko chePost-CPL
Kana wangowana CPL yako, unogona kutanga semutyairi wendege pamwe chete nemakambani endege kana kujoina zvikoro zvendege semurairidzi kuti uvake ruzivo uye nguva dzekubhururuka. Kuchinja kuita basa rekaputeni kunoda maawa ekuwedzera ekubhururuka uye kupedzisa bvunzo dzendege.
Mikana Yebasa reVatyairi vendege muIndia
Indasitiri yendege muIndia iri kuona kukura kukuru, kuchikurudzirwa nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevafambi pamwe nezvirongwa zvehurumende zvakaita se UDANKunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzebasa mundege kwakakosha kune chero munhu ari kutsvaga Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege muIndia.
Vezvokutengeserana Vatyairi
Vatyairi vendege dzemabhizimisi vanoshanda semusana weindasitiri yendege, vachifambisa ndege dzevatakuri vendege huru dzakadai se indigo, Air India, uye SpiceJetBasa iri rinosanganisira:
- Kutarisira ndege dzekufamba rwendo rurefu nerwendo rupfupi.
- Kuve nechokwadi chekuti vafambi vakachengeteka uye vakasununguka.
- Kushanda pamwe chete nevanoona nezvekufamba kwendege pamwe nechikwata chebasa rendege.
Cargo Pilots
Vatyairi vemitoro vanotakura zvinhu zvemakambani ekufambisa zvinhu akaita se Blue Dart Aviation. Basa iri rinokodzera vanhu vanofarira mabasa ekufambisa ndege asiri evatakuri. Kukura kwekutengeserana kwepamhepo kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kudiwa kwevatyairi vendege.
Varayiridzi vendege
Varairidzi vendege vanoita basa guru mukudzidzisa vatyairi vendege vanoda kutanga. Nzira iyi yakanaka kune vatyairi vendege vane ruzivo vanoda kusanganisa chido chavo chekubhururuka nekudzidzisa. Vachishanda pazvikoro zvekubhururuka zvakatenderwa neDGCA, varairidzi vanotungamira vadzidzi muzvinhu zvedzidziso uye zvinoshanda zvendege.
Mabasa Ari Kubudirira Mundege
Vatyairi vemadhoni:
- Mabasa edhirowa ari kuwedzera kusimba munzvimbo dzakadai sekurima, kuongorora ndege, kugadzirisa njodzi, uye mafambiro ezvekufambisa zvinhu.
- Chitupa cheRemote Pilot chine certification yeDGCA chinodiwa kuti munhu ashandise madrone nehunyanzvi.
Vatyairi vendege vemunharaunda:
- Nehurongwa hwehurumende hweUDAN, ndege dzemudunhu dziri kukura nekukurumidza, dzichibatanidza maguta madiki nemetro. Vatyairi vendege diki dzakadai seATRs neBombardier jets vari kudiwa zvikuru.
Mikana Yeramangwana Nekuyera
Kudiwa kuri kukura kwevatyairi vendege kunokonzerwa ne:
- Kukura kwenhamba yendege muIndia, pakati pedzimwe dzinokurumidza kupfuura dzimwe dzose pasi rose.
- Kuwedzera kwekudyara mari muzvivakwa zvendege uye kubatana kwenzvimbo.
- Kufarira kuri kuwedzera mundege dzepachivande nedzemabhizinesi.
Kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti basa ravo rinokura kwenguva refu, vanoda kutyaira ndege vanofanira kugara vachiziva nezve DGCA mitemo, tevera zvitupa zvepamusoro, uye chengetedza hunyanzvi hwemuviri nehunyanzvi hwakanaka. Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege India ichiri musimboti weavo vari kutsvaga kubudirira muindasitiri yendege.
Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege muIndia: Kukura Kwebasa Kubva Mudzidzi Kusvika pakuva Kaputeni
Kunzwisisa Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege muIndia ingori mavambo chete. Kukura kwebasa muindasitiri yendege kunotevera nzira yakarongeka, inoda zvitupa, maawa ekubhururuka, uye kuzvipira.
Heino rondedzero yakadzama yerwendo kubva kumudzidzi wendege kusvika kumukuru wendege uye zvichienda mberi:
Danho 1: Kudzidziswa Kwekutanga uye Kupihwa Marezenisi
Tanga neStudent Pilot License (SPL), wozoteverwa neStudent Pilot License Yakavanzika Pilot License (PPL), uye pakupedzisira vanowana License yeCommercial Pilot (CPL).
CPL inoda maawa mazana maviri eruzivo rwekubhururuka, kusanganisira kubhururuka munyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye kushandisa michina, pamwe chete nekupasa zvinodiwa Bvunzo dzeDGCA.
Danho rechipiri: Vaka Ruzivo semutyairi wendege anoshanda pamwe chete
- Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanotanga mabasa avo sevashandi pamwe chete nemakambani endege ekutengeserana.
- Vatyairi vendege vanowana ruzivo rwekushanda nekubatsira vatungamiriri panguva yekubhururuka uye kubata maitiro ekufamba kwendege vasati vabhururuka uye mushure mekubhururuka.
Danho rechitatu: Kuchinja kuita Captain
Rwendo kubva pakuva mutyairi wendege mubatsiri kusvika pakuva kaputeni runosanganisira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvinotevera:
- Kunyora maawa ekubhururuka chiuru nemazana mashanu kusvika zviuru zvitatu (zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nendege).
- Kubvisa mapurogiramu ekuvandudza mirairo endege, ayo anoedza hutungamiriri, kuita sarudzo, uye hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekubhururuka.
- Maputeni ndivo vanotonga ndege zvizere, vachitarisira vashandi, vafambi, uye kuchengetedzeka kwendege.
Danho rechina: Hutungamiriri neMabasa Akakosha
Vakuru vane ruzivo vanogona kuita mabasa akadai se:
- Fleet Manager: Kutarisira mashandiro ezvimwe zvinhu mhando dzendege.
- Kudzidzisa Captain: Ane basa rekudzidzisa vatyairi vendege vatsva uye kuitisa zvidzidzo zve simulator.
- Director of Operations: Kutarisira mashandiro endege padanho repamusoro.
Kuwana Mikana uye Kukura Kwenguva Refu
Kuwana Potential:
- Vatyairi vendege pamwe chete vanowana mari iri pakati pe ₹6–12 lakhs pagore, zvichienderana nendege uye nzira yavanotyaira.
- Makaputeni vanogona kuwana ₹30–70 lakhs pagore, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sepekugara, mari yekufambisa, uye mari yekurapwa.
Kukura Kwenguva Yakareba:
- Nekukura kuri kuita musika wendege muIndia nekukurumidza kusati kwamboitika, mikana yevatyairi vendege vane ruzivo yakakura.
- Mabasa epamusoro mukutarisira ndege kana kuchinja kuita zvendege zvepachivande isarudzo dzinopa mari kune nyanzvi dzine ruzivo.
Matambudziko muMatangiro Ebasa reMutyairi wendege muIndia
Kunyange hazvo indasitiri yendege ichipa mikana inonakidza yebasa, vatyairi vendege vanoda kutanga vanosangana nematambudziko makuru munzira. Kunzwisisa zvipingamupinyi izvi uye kuti ungazvikunda sei kwakakosha kune chero munhu ari kutsvaga Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reVatyairi vendege muIndia.
Matambudziko Emari
Mutengo Wokudzidzisa:
- Kudzidziswa kwekutyaira ndechimwe chezvikoro zvinodhura zvikuru, nezvirongwa zveCPL zvinodhura pakati pe ₹35–50 lakhs.
- Zvimwe zvitupa, zvakaita seMulti-Engine Rating (MER) uye Instrument Rating (IR), zvinowedzera mutengo.
Solutions:
- Ongorora mabhezari akadai seIndira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics Merit Scholarship kana mapurogiramu erubatsiro rwemari kubva kuzvikoro zvakatenderwa neDGCA.
- Funga nezvezvikwereti zvebhangi zvakagadzirirwa kudzidziswa kwekutyaira, zvinopihwa nemasangano akaita seSBI neHDFC.
Kufamba Nezvirongwa Zvisina Kurongeka
Vatyairi vendege vanowanzosangana nehurongwa husina kurongeka, mabasa ehusiku, uye maawa marefu, zvichikanganisa kuenzana kwebasa nehupenyu.
Solutions:
- Tarisa pakuchengetedza mararamiro ane hutano nekurovedza muviri nguva dzose, kudya zvinovaka muviri kwakakodzera, uye kuzorora zvakakwana.
- Iva nehunyanzvi hwakasimba hwekutarisira nguva kuti uenzanise kuzvipira kwako pachako uye kwebasa.
Kukunda Zvipingamupinyi zveMakwikwi
Kudiwa kwemabasa ekutyaira ndege kunowanzo pfuura mikana inowanikwa, kunyanya mumakambani endege epamusoro-soro.
Solutions:
- Vaka chimiro chakasimba nekunyora mamwe maawa ekubhururuka uye kuwana zvitupa zvepamusoro.
- Kushamwaridzana mukati meindasitiri yendege kunogona kutungamira kumikana yekudzidziswa uye mikana iri nani yemabasa.
Kujairana neMaitiro eIndasitiri
Bazi rezvendege muIndia rinonyanya kunetseka nekuchinja-chinja kwehupfumi, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro evashandi nemitengo yevashandi.
Solutions:
- Gara uchiziva nezvemitemo yeDGCA uye mafambiro ari kubuda mukufambisa ndege.
- Siyanisa hunyanzvi hwako nekutsvaga zvinhu zvine chekuita nekutyaira ndege dzisina madrone kana manejimendi yekufamba kwendege.
Zvitsva Zvitsva
Kunyange hazvo paine matambudziko, kutsungirira, kuronga zvine hungwaru, uye kushandisa zviwanikwa zviripo zvinogona kubatsira kukunda zvipingamupinyi muHow to Start Pilot Career India. Kugara uine ruzivo nezvemafambiro eindasitiri uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza nguva dzose zvichavhura nzira yebasa rekufambisa ndege rinobudirira uye rine mubayiro.
Unyanzvi Hunodiwa Kuti Utange Basa reKutyaira Ndege muIndia
Pakufunga nezveMaitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege muIndia, kuva nehunyanzvi hwakakodzera kwakakosha sekuwana zvitupa zvinodiwa. Unyanzvi uhwu hunovimbisa kwete kutanga zvakanaka kwebasa rako rekufambisa ndege chete asiwo kubudirira semutyairi wendege wehunyanzvi.
Unyanzvi Hwehunyanzvi: Hwaro Hwekubhururuka
Vatyairi vendege vanofanira kunge vaine ruzivo rwakasimba rwekufamba kwendege, masisitimu ekufambisa ndege, uye makanika endege. Unyanzvi uhwu hwehunyanzvi hahukurukurwi mukudzidza Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reVatyairi vendege muIndia.
Munguva yekudzidziswa kwako kubhururuka, chikoro chepasi chinopa ruzivo rwedzidziso rwakakosha pakunzwisisa mashandiro endege. Izvi zvinowedzerwa nekudzidzira nemaoko mumitambo yekurovedza muviri uye maawa chaiwo ekubhururuka, zvichikubatsira kushandisa ruzivo rwako mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.
Kukurumidza Kusarudza: Unyanzvi Hunokosha
Mukufamba nendege, kuita sarudzo kunowanzoitwa mumasekondi mashoma. Kungave kuri kufamba nemamiriro ekunze asina kugadzikana kana kugadzirisa matambudziko ehunyanzvi ari mudenga, vatyairi vendege vanogara vachiita sarudzo dzakakosha.
Sechikamu cherwendo rwako muHow to Start Pilot Career India, kudzidziswa kwemutyairi wendege uye zvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvichakugadzirira kuti uongorore mamiriro ezvinhu nekukurumidza uye uite sarudzo dzakangwara pasi pekumanikidzwa, uchivimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwevatakuri nevashandi.
Kushanda pamwe chete uye Kutaurirana: Zvinokosha paKushandira Pamwe Chete
Kufambisa ndege ibasa rechikwata. Semutyairi wendege, uchashanda pamwe chete nevatyairi vendege, vashandi vekabhini, uye vanodzora mafambiro endege. Kutaurirana kwakanaka uye kushanda pamwe chete kwakakosha kuti mashandiro afambe zvakanaka, zvichiita kuti hunyanzvi uhu huve hwakakosha pakudzidza Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege muIndia.
Zvikoro zvekubhururuka zvinotarisa pakudzidzisa nzira dzekutaurirana dzakajairwa uye kukurudzira hunyanzvi hwekutungamira. Uchadzidza kuronga mabasa, kupa mirairo yakajeka, uye kuvaka kuvimbana pakati pechikwata chako, zvese izvi uchichengetedza hunyanzvi.
Kuchinjika uye Kutsungirira: Kubudirira Pakati Pematambudziko
Indasitiri yendege izere nezvinhu zvisingatarisirwi—kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kunonoka kwekushanda, uye matambudziko ehunyanzvi zvakajairika. Kubudirira muMaitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege muIndia kunoda kugona kuchinjika uye kuramba wakashinga mukutarisana nematambudziko aya.
Kuburikidza nekudzidziswa kwakasimba, uchasangana nemamiriro ezvinhu anokugadzirira kusaziva zvinhu chaizvo. Nekufamba kwenguva, zviitiko izvi zvichavaka kugona kwepfungwa uye kugadzikana kwaunoda kuti ugadzirise zvinhu zvisingatarisirwi.
Kudzidziswa Kunoumba Sei Unyanzvi Uhu?
Kudzidziswa kwako pachikoro chekubhururuka chakatenderwa neDGCA kwakagadzirirwa kukudziridza hunyanzvi uhwu zvizere. Kubva pazvidzidzo zvepasi kusvika kumaawa chaiwo ekubhururuka, nhanho imwe neimwe yemaitiro acho yakagadzirwa kuti ikubatsire kubudirira muHow to Start Pilot Career India. Kudzidziswa kubva kuvatyairi vendege vane ruzivo kunowedzera kuvimbisa kuti unowana chivimbo nehunyanzvi hunodiwa kuti basa rako ribudirire.
Ko Mutyairi wendege Basa Rakanaka muIndia Here?
Kusarudza kutanga basa rekutyaira muIndia isarudzo yakakosha. Kunyange hazvo basa racho richipa mibairo mikuru, zvakakosha kunzwisisa mabhenefiti nematambudziko kuti uone kana iriyo nzira yakakunakira.
Mibairo Yezvemari Neyehunyanzvi
Mari inowanikwa nemutyairi wendege muIndia ndeimwe yepamusoro-soro muindasitiri ipi neipi. Mari yekutanga yemutyairi wendege ari pakati pe ₹6–12 lakhs pagore, nevatungamiriri vanowana mari inosvika ₹30–70 lakhs pagore. Nhamba idzi dzinoita kuti How to Start Pilot Career India ive sarudzo inokwezva kune avo vari kutsvaga kugadzikana kwemari uye kukura kwenguva refu.
Kupfuura mari inobhadharwa, vatyairi vendege vanowana mukurumbira wehunyanzvi uye mukana wekushanda netekinoroji yepamusoro yendege. Kune vazhinji, kugutsikana kwekuzadzisa chiroto chavo chekubhururuka chinhu chisingaenzaniswi.
Kukura Kwendege Nekukurumidza muIndia
Indasitiri yendege muIndia iri kukura nekukurumidza, zvichiita kuti Pilot Career India ive yakakosha kupfuura kare. Kudiwa kwekufamba mudzimba kuri kukura, uye zvirongwa zvehurumende zvakaita seUDAN zviri kuvhura nzira dzemudunhu, zvichiita kuti zvinodiwa zvevatyairi vendege zviwedzere.
Nemakambani endege ari kuwedzera ngarava dzavo nemigwagwa, mikana yevaya vanoda kutyaira ndege yakawanda. Kukura uku kunovimbisa kuti avo vari kupinda muindasitiri iyi ikozvino vari kupinda mumunda une kugadzikana kwenguva refu uye mukana.
Mikana Yepasi Pose Mukufambisa Ndege
Basa rekufambisa ndege harisi rekuIndia chete. Nezvitupa zvakatenderwa neDGCA, unogona kutsvaga mikana yepasi rose munzvimbo dzakadai seMiddle East, Southeast Asia, neEurope. Nyika dzakadai seUAE, Qatar, neSingapore dziri kutora vatyairi vendege vekuIndia, dzichipa mapakeji anobhadhara uye mukana wekushanda munzvimbo dzendege dzepasi rose.
Zvaunofanira Kufunga Nezvemunhu Pachake Uye Mararamiro
Kunyange zvazvo mibairo yekuva mutyairi wendege yakakura, zvakakosha kufunga nezvematambudziko acho. Kusashanda zvakanaka, nguva isina mhuri, uye maawa akawanda zvinogona kuva nengozi. Zvisinei, kune avo vanofarira kubhururuka, matambudziko aya anokundwa nezvipo—mabhenefiti ekufamba, maawa anochinjika, uye basa rinogutsa.
Sei Uchifanira Kutevera Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege muIndia?
Indasitiri yendege muIndia iri padanho rekukura kukuru, ino ndiyo nguva yakakwana yekutanga basa rekutyaira ndege muIndia. Kudiwa kwevatyairi vendege vakadzidziswa, pamwe chete nemikana iri kuramba ichikwira pasi rose, zvinoita kuti ramangwana rakanaka kune avo vari kupinda mubasa iri rivepo.
Kana wagadzirira kushandisa mari yako mukudzidziswa kwako uye uine chido chekubhururuka, kuva mutyairi wendege muIndia hakusi kungova basa chete—ndiyo nzira inoenda kuhupenyu hwezviitiko zvinonakidza uye kubudirira.
mhedziso
Kutanga basa semutyairi wendege muIndia rwendo rune chinangwa uye rune mubayiro. Maitiro Ekutanga Basa reMutyairi wendege India inosanganisira nzira yakarongeka—kubva pakuzadzisa zvitupa zvedzidzo kusvika pakuwana hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye kupedzisa zvitupa zvakaita seCPL.
Mukufamba kwenguva, muchadzidza hunyanzvi hwakakosha hwakadai sekuita sarudzo, kushanda pamwe chete, uye kuchinjika, zvese izvi zvakakosha kuti mubudirire muindasitiri yendege.
Bazi rezvendege muIndia riri kukura nekukurumidza kusati kwamboitika, zvichigadzira mikana yakawanda kune vanoda kutyaira ndege. Ungave uchida kuva mutyairi wendege wekutengesa, kutsvaga mikana yepasi rose, kana kutochinja kuita mabasa akakosha sekutyaira ndege dzisina madrone, indasitiri iyi inopa mikana yakawanda yekufambira mberi pabasa.
Ehe, nzira iyi ine matambudziko ayo. Kuisa mari mumari, purogiramu dzisina kurongeka, uye kudzidziswa kwakaoma zvinogona kunetsa.
Zvisinei, kune avo vane chido chekubhururuka, matambudziko aya anokundwa nemibairo mikuru—muhoro unobhadhara, kufamba-famba pasi rose, uye ropafadzo yakasiyana yekutungamirira denga.
Kana wakamborota nezvekutora simba rekutonga ndege wokwira pamusoro-soro, ino ndiyo nguva yekuita chimwe chinhu. Kudiwa kwevatyairi vendege vane hunyanzvi muIndia kuri kuwedzera, uye mukana wekushandura chido chako kuita basa rinogutsa hausati wambova nani.
Tanga rwendo rwako nhasi, wotanga rwendo rwako muHow to Start Pilot Career India. Basa rako reroto rakakumirira—gadzirira kubhururuka!
Bata Chikwata cheFlorida Flyers Flight Academy India nhasi pa + 91 (0) 1171 816622 kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Private Pilot Ground Chikoro Kosi.
