Masisitimu Ekubvisa Icing muNdege: #1 Gwaro Rekupedzisira reMashandiro Aro

Chii chinonzi system yekubvisa icing mundege uye nei ichikosha kumunhu wese anoda kutyaira ndege?

Haisi nyaya yekuongorora zvinhu zvehunyanzvi chete—inzira inokosha yekudzivirira kubva kune imwe yenjodzi dzisinganzwisisike dzendege: chando. Kunyangwe chidimbu chidiki chinogona kukanganisa kufamba kwemhepo, kuderedza kukwidziridzwa kwendege, mainjini ekumisa mota, uye zvinovhiringidza zviridzwa panguva yekubhururuka.

Ungave uri kubhururuka ne turboprops kana kuti uchichinja kuita jets, kuziva mashandiro anoita masisitimu ekubvisa icing mundege kunogona kuva mutsauko pakati pekushanda zvakanaka nenjodzi huru.

Mugwaro iri, muchadzidza kuti masisitimu aya akagadzirwa sei, kuti akaiswa kupi, kuti anoshandiswa sei, uye zvekutarisira panguva yekudzidzira uye yekufamba nendege chaiyo.

Pfupiso yeSisitimu dzeKubvisa Icing muNdege

Chii chinonzi system yekubvisa icing mundege uye nei ichikosha kumutyairi wese ari kudzidzira?

Pakati payo, sisitimu yekubvisa icing ndiyo nzira yekudzivirira ndege kubva kuchando chinoungana panguva yekubhururuka. Kusiyana nekudzivirira icing, iyo inodzivirira kuumbwa kwechando pakutanga, sisitimu yekubvisa icing inoshanda - inoshanda kana chando chatoumbwa panzvimbo dzakakosha.

Iyi haisi nyaya diki. Aizi inogona kuoneka nekukurumidza uye chinyararire, kunyanya kana ichibhururuka mumakore ane madonhwe emvura akatonhorera zvakanyanya. Madonhwe aya anooma kana akabatana, oita seakanaka. aerodynamic dzinoonekwa munjodzi dzinokonzera kudhonzwa.

Kuti zvidaro, masisitimu ekubvisa icing mundege akavakirwa muzvikamu zvakakosha zvikuru zvendege:

• Micheto inotungamira yemapapiro nepamusoro pemuswe
• Mapombi ekupinda muinjini anofanira kuramba ari akakodzera
• Magirazi emhepo anofanira kugara akacheneruka kuti aonekwe nemaziso
• Uye masensa anokosha akaita semachubhu epitot, anochengetedza zviridzwa zvako zviri pamutemo

Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi chinofanira kuramba chisina chando kuti chive nechokwadi chekuti mhepo inobhururuka zvakanaka, kuverenga kwakarurama, uye kufamba kwakachengeteka kwendege. Pasina masisitimu anoshanda ekubvisa chando mundege, kunyangwe mutyairi ane ruzivo rwakakura anogona kuderedza kusimudza, kutadza kushanda kwemidziyo—kana kutoipa kupfuura izvozvo.

Fizikisi Iri Kuseri Kwekukanda Ice Mundege: Nei Kubvisa Kukanda Ice Kuripo

Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei nzira dzekubvisa chando mundege dzisingakurukurwi, zvinobatsira kutarisa sainzi iri shure kwekuumbwa kwechando.

Kuwanda kwechando mundege kunoitika kana ndege dzichibhururuka mumakore ane madonhwe emvura anotonhorera zvakanyanya—mvura yemvura iri pasi pekupisa kwechando. Madonhwe aya haaome kusvika arova pamusoro—semapapiro endege yako. Paanorova, anobva aoma ipapo ipapo.

Uye mhedzisiro yacho yakakomba. Kunyangwe chando chakatetepa sepepa chinogona kuderedza kukwira kwemhepo neanopfuura 30%, kuwedzera kudhonzwa zvakanyanya, uye kukanda mweya panzvimbo dzinodzora. Zvakatoipa, chando chinogona kukanganisa machubhu epitot uye madoko asingachinji, zvichiita kuti pave nekuverengwa kwemhepo isingavimbike uye kukwirira.

Kune mhando mbiri dzechando dzekutarisira:

• Icing yakakuyiwa pasi, inosanganisira chando kana mvura inotonhora isati yasimuka
• Icing inobuda mundege, iyo inoumbwa paunokwira mumakore ane hunyoro

Muzviitiko zvose izvi, mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana: kushanda kwakaderera uye njodzi yakawedzera.

Ndosaka kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita masisitimu ekubvisa ma "de-icing" - uye kukwanisa kuashandisa nechivimbo - hakusi kungopasa bvunzo chete. Kunongova kubhururuka zvakachengeteka mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, uko tembiricha inogona kuchinja nekukurumidza uye kuvapo kwehunyoro kazhinji hakuonekwe kusvika zvanyanya kunonoka.

Mhando dzeNdege dzeKubvisa Icing Systems

Zvino zvawava kunzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi system yekubvisa icing mundege uye kuti nei ichikosha, mubvunzo unotevera ndewokuti: inoshanda sei chaizvo?

Mhinduro yacho inoenderana nerudzi rwendege yauri kubhururuka nayo. Kubva kundege diki dzendege kusvika kundege dzekutengeserana, vagadziri vanoshandisa masisitimu akasiyana ekubvisa icing akagadzirirwa saizi yendege, basa rayo, uye nzvimbo yekushanda kwayo. Heano marudzi akajairika—uye pfungwa dziri shure kweimwe neimwe.

1. Bhutsu dzePneumatic

Uchawana sisitimu iyi pa turboprops dzakawanda nendege diki dzakadai seBeechcraft King Air kana Pilatus PC-12.

Heano mazano akunoita:

Bhutsu dzerabha dzinofefeterwa dzinoiswa pamipendero yepamberi yemapapiro nemuswe. Kana chando chatanga kuungana, bhutsu dzinofefeterwa nemhepo, dzichipwanya chando uye zvichiita kuti chiparare pakati pekubhururuka.

Inzira isina tekinoroji yakawanda asi inoshanda zvikuru, kunyanya kune ndege dzinoshanda panzvimbo dzakakwirira uko chando chinowanzoonekwa.

2. Masisitimu emhepo inobuda ropa inopisa

Iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa nemajeti mazhinji emazuva ano. Mhepo inopisa "inobuda" kubva pachidanho checompressor yeinjini yoendeswa nemumigero yemhepo kuenda kumucheto wepamberi webapiro, ma nacelles einjini, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kumuswe.

Nekuti inodzivirira kuumbwa kwechando pakutanga, inoshanda senzira yekudzivirira kuumbwa kwechando uye yekubvisa kuumbwa kwechando. Ndege dzakadai seAirbus A320, Boeing 737, uye ATR 72 dzinoshandisa tekinoroji iyi.

Cherechedza: Sisitimu iyi inofanira kutarisirwa nokungwarira—kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro einjini uye kumanikidzwa kwemuchina.

3. Masisitimu eElectro-Thermal

Zvinonyanya kushandiswa pamachubhu epitot, maports asingachinji, uye mawindshields emukamuri, masisitimu aya anoshandisa zvinhu zvinodziya zvemagetsi zviri mukati menzvimbo yakachengetedzwa. Kana zvabatidzwa, nzvimbo yacho inodziya nekukurumidza kudzivirira kana kubvisa kuungana kwechando.

Kunyange zvazvo zvisingakwanire nzvimbo huru dzinofamba nemhepo, zvakakosha zvikuru pakuchengetedza michina yakarurama uye kuchengetedza kuona mberi.

4. Masisitimu eTKS (Mapapiro Anochema)

Iyi sisitimu inopomba mvura inobva muglycol kuburikidza nemaburi madiki ari kumucheto kwebapiro. Mvura iyi inoumba firimu rinodzivirira chando kuti chisanamatira pamusoro.

Ipfungwa iri nyore kwazvo ine simba rekutonga, asi inongogumira kundege dzinobhururuka pasi penzvimbo dzakakwirira uye kumhanya uko ndege dzejeti dzinoshanda.

Imwe neimwe yeiyi sisitimu yakagadzirwa kugadzirisa dambudziko rimwe chete—kuumbwa kwechando—asi nenzira inoenderana nezvinodiwa nendege pakubhururuka kwayo uye zvitupa zvayo.

Semutyairi wendege, kunzwisisa kwete chete mashandiro anoita masisitimu ako ekubvisa icing mundege, asi kuti nei sisitimu iyoyo yakasarudzwa yendege yako, ndicho chinhu chikuru pakushandisa zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.

Masisitimu ekubvisa icing pasi pevhu vs. ekubvisa icing mundege dziri mundege

Vanhu vazhinji pavanonzwa "kubvisa icing," vanofungidzira marori achipfapfaidza mvura yepingi pamusoro pendege isati yasimuka. Uye havasi kukanganisa—asi iyo ingori hafu yenyaya yacho. Muchokwadi, kune mhando mbiri dzakasiyana dzemaitiro ekubvisa icing mundege: kubvisa icing pasi uye kubvisa icing mundege—imwe neimwe ine chinangwa chayo, nzira, uye mutoro wemutyairi.

Kubvisa Icing Pasi: Usati Wabuda Munzira Yekumhanya

Kubvisa chando pasi kunoreva kubvisa chando kana sinou inenge yatoumbwa ndege iri pasi. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa uchishandisa mvura inopisa inobva muglycol inopfapfaidzwa pamapapiro endege, zvinosimbisa, uye fuselage. Mvura iyi inowanzoiswa mumhando dzakasiyana:

• Type I: Orenji kana pingi, mvura yakatetepa inoshandiswa kubvisa chando kana sinou
• Rudzi IV: Girini uye gobvu, rinoshandiswa mushure mekubviswa kwechando kudzivirira kugadziriswa panguva yetekisi kana kusimuka

Maitiro acho anoenderana nenguva. Kana ndege yako yangomira kushanda, unenge wava nenguva—iyi inonzi nguva yako yekumira. Kana ukasasimuka mvura isati yapera kudzivirira, maitiro acho anofanira kudzokororwa.

Semutyairi wendege, basa rako ndere:

• Kumbira kubviswa kwechando kubva kumabasa epasi
• Tarisa nguva yekumira
• Simbisa nemaziso kuti nzvimbo dzakakosha dzakachena usati wasimuka

Kubvisa Aizi Mundege: Kugara Wakachengeteka Mumakore

Kubvisa chando mundege kunotanga kana wangobuda mumugwagwa. cruising altitudes, kunyanya kana uchibhururuka mumakore ane hunyoro hwakanyanya kana tembiricha iri pasi pe zero, chando chinogona kutanga kuungana munzvimbo dzausingaone.

Apa ndipo panotanga kushandiswa sisitimu yekubvisa icing yendege yako—ingava mhepo inoyerera neropa, mabhutsu emhepo, kana kupisa kwemagetsi. Masisitimu aya anoshandiswa nemaoko nemutyairi wendege kana otomatiki nemasensa anotarisa tembiricha, hunyoro, uye kumhanya kwemhepo.

Chinokosha pano inguva. Kudzima injini yako kunonoka kunogona kureva kubhururuka nemidziyo yekusimudza yakaora uye isina kuvimbika. Asi kuishandisa nekukurumidza—kunyanya masisitimu ekupisa kana emhepo inobuda ropa—kunogona kunetesa injini yako uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta.

Zvinokosha zveVatyairi vendege:

• Kubvisa chando pasi kunodzivirira ndege yako panguva yetekisi nepakusimuka—asi inopera.
• Kubvisa chando mundege kunodzivirira pazvinokosha: mumakore uye pakufamba netsoka.
• Semunhu wePIC, ibasa rako kunzwisisa masisitimu ese ari maviri, kuona kuti ari kushanda, uye kuashandisa panguva chaiyo—kwete nekungonzwa chete, asi zvichibva paOAT, mwero wehunyoro, uye zvidimbu zvechando zvinozivikanwa munzira.

Kuziva nguva yekutaura kuti "de-ice inodiwa" uye nguva yekuchinja switch iyoyo paFL150 hakusi kungotevera nzira chete - inyanzvi.

Chii chiri mukati mehurongwa hwekubvisa chando mundege

Kana uri kugadzirira CPL yako, ATPL, kana kunyange kuongororwa kwendege, hautarisirwi kungoziva kuti sisitimu yekubvisa icing yendege chii—unotarisirwa kuziva zviri mukati mayo, mashandiro ayo, uye zvinogona kukanganisa.

Saka ngatitsanangurei kuti masisitimu aya akagadzirwa nei—uye kuti nei zvichikosha mukudzidziswa uye mumabasa chaiwo.

Zvinhu Zvikuru zveMaitiro Ekubvisa Icing muNdege

Kunyange zvazvo michina chaiyo ichisiyana pakati pemasystem epneumatic, thermal, kana electro-thermal, ma de-icing setups mazhinji ane zvinhu zvishoma zvakakosha:

Maswichi Ekugadzirisa: Dziri pamusoro pepaneru yemagetsi kana yesystem, idzi dzinodzora nzvimbo dzinogamuchira kupisa, kumanikidzwa, kana mvura. Dzimwe ndege dzine mamodhi emota; dzimwe dzinotungamirirwa nemutyairi.

Mavharuvhu ekumanikidza kana mapombi: Izvi zvinodzora kufamba kwemhepo inobuda ropa, mvura, kana kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kunzvimbo dzakakodzera. Kusashanda zvakanaka pano kunogona kureva kubviswa kwechando zvisina kuenzana kana kutadza kushanda zvachose.

Zvishandiso zveNguva & Zvisarudzo zveMabhasikoro: Kunyanya mumasystem epneumatic, izvi zvinoita kuti inflation iitike nguva nenguva pamusoro pemapapiro nemuswe. Kana ukanzwa bhutsu dzichirova paKing Air—ndizvo izvi.

Zvinhu Zvinopisa: Muma electro-thermal systems, waya kana mafoil akaiswa mumachubhu epitot, mawindscreens, uye kunyange ma propeller blades anodziya ipapo ipapo kana magetsi achipfuura nepakati.

Zviziviso zveAnnunciator uye Mwenje Yekunyevera: Aya ndiwo ma "feedback loop" ako. Anokuudza kana nzvimbo iri kushanda, kana simba riri kushandiswa, kana kuti system yakundikana. Kusavateerera mumamiriro echando kunogona kuuraya.

Zvauchabvunzwa mubvunzo nebvunzurudzo

Tarisira mibvunzo inoshanda, yakavakirwa pazviitiko—kwete kungoti tsananguro chete. Semuenzaniso:

• "Uri kukwira nemumvura inoonekwa pa +2°C, uye kupisa kwepitot hakuchaitiki. Chii chinozoitika?"
• "Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pesystem yekupisa nepneumatic de-icing maererano nekutevedzana uye kushanda kwayo?"
• "Unoziva sei kuti kupisa kwegirazi repamberi kuri kushanda usati waisa icing inozivikanwa?"

Izvi hazvisi zvehunyanzvi chete—zvinoedza kutonga pasi pekumanikidzwa.

Kuziva zvinodzorwa neswitch yega yega, mashandiro anoita masisitimu munhevedzano, uye kuti ndeapi maitiro ekuchengetedza aripo chikamu chekugadzirira cockpit—kwete kungoti checkride-yakagadzirira.

Zvikanganiso Zvakajairika Zvinoitwa Nevatyairi Vendege Nemaitiro Ekubvisa Icing muNdege

Masisitimu ekubvisa ma "de-icing" akagadzirirwa kukudzivirira, asi haasi magadzirisiro ega ega ezvisarudzo zvisina kunaka. Imwe yenzira dzinokurumidza dzinoita kuti vatyairi vatsva varasikirwe nechivimbo—kana kuti zvakatoipa, kutonga—ndeyekusatarisira masisitimu aya panguva isiriyo kana nezvikonzero zvisina kunaka.

Heano zvikanganiso zvakajairika zvaunofanira kudzivisa paunenge uchishandisa sisitimu yekubvisa icing mundege:

1. Kushanda Kwakanonoka

Paunenge wasvika ona Kana chando chichiumbwa pamapapiro kana pahwindo remhepo, chingave chave kutokanganisa mashandiro emhepo yako. Kumirira zviratidzo zvinoonekwa—kunyanya mundege dzine mapapiro ari pasi—kunogona kukutorera mari yekusimudza, kuwedzera njodzi yekumira, uye kuderedza kupindura kwekutonga.

muromo: Shandisa tembiricha nehunyoro seyambiro yako yekutanga. Kana uri muhunyoro hunoonekwa neOAT huri pakati pe +10°C ne -10°C, tarisira icing uye tangazve masisitimu zvinoenderana.

2. Kuvhiringidza Kurwisa Kupisa neKubvisa Kupisa

Vamwe vatyairi vendege vanofungidzira kuti kuvhura pitot heat kana kuti bapiro rinodzivirira chando pashure chando chaumbwa chichagadzirisa dambudziko racho. Hazvizoiti. Masisitimu ekudzivirira chando akagadzirwa kudzivirira chando—kwete kuibvisa. Kuedza kuashandisa zvinopedza nguva uye kunokupa pfungwa yenhema yekuchengetedzeka.

Gara uchiziva kuti ndeipi sisitimu yauri kushandisa uye chinangwa chayo. De-ice inobvisa. Anti-ice inodzivirira.

3. Kuvimba Nekuongororwa Nemaziso Chete

Mune dzimwe ndege, haugone kuona bapiro rese kubva mukamuri remutyairi. Kufunga kuti pamusoro pako hapana aizi nekuti hausi kuona kuungana kwendege idambudziko.

Shandisa ongororo yekubata panguva yekubhururuka (kana paine chando) uye tarisa mwenje yemagetsi panguva yekubhururuka.

4. Kuregeredza Miganhu Yemutoro kana Nguva Yesisitimu

Mhepo inobuda ropa uye mahita emagetsi anotora simba guru. Kusiya zvese zvichishanda kwenguva yakareba kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro einjini, kuenzana kwemutoro wemagetsi, kana tembiricha yemukamuri.

Tarisa zviratidzo zvehutano hwehurongwa, kunyanya mundege dzine mhepo shoma inobuda ropa kana kuti magetsi ekare.

5. Kukundikana Kupfupisa Maitiro Ekubvisa Icing Mukutanga Kwendege

Kuisa icing hakusi nyaya yehurongwa hwehurongwa chete—inyaya yekubatanidza vashandi. Pandege dzevashandi vakawanda, kutadza kutsanangura kuti kubviswa kweicing kana kudzivirira icing kuchashandiswa riini uye sei kunogona kukonzera kuvhiringidzika kana kusashanda zvakanaka kana zvichikosha.

Ita kuti ive chikamu chemashoko ako ekubva nekusvika: "Kana tikaona hunyoro hunooneka huri pasi pe5°C, tichashandisa mapapiro neenjini kudzivirira chando kubva pakutenderera kusvika pakukwira nekubuda."

Mukufamba nendege, hurongwa pachahwo hahuna simba. Kunzwisisa kwemutyairi wendege, nguva, uye kuishanda ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha.

Kuziva nguva yekushandisa sisitimu yako yekubvisa icing mundege—uye mashandisiro ayo ekusaishandisa zvisina kunaka—chimwe chezvinhu zvinoita kuti uve mutyairi wendege ane chivimbo uye ane hunyanzvi.

Mazano Ekudzidzisa: Maitiro Ekugadzira Masisitimu Ekubvisa Icing muNdege

Masisitimu ekudzidza akadai sehydraulics kana electrics chimwe chinhu. Asi kugona masisitimu ekubvisa icing mundege kunoda zvinopfuura kungoverenga zvinhu zvekutarisa. Zvinoreva kukudziridza pfungwa dzekuita sarudzo, chivimbo chehunyanzvi, uye nguva—pasi pekumanikidzwa.

Heino maitiro ekuvaka hunyanzvi ihwohwo panguva yekudzidziswa kwako kubhururuka.

Dzidza "Chikonzero" Chiri Kuseri Kwehurongwa Hwega Hwega

Usangoyeuka kuti "bhutsu dzinoputika mumasekonzi matatu." Bvunza kuti sei bhutsu dzichishandiswa pachinzvimbo chemhepo inobuda ropa pa turboprop, kana kuti nei machubhu epitot achidziya asi mapapiro achida mweya unoyerera.

Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kunokubatsira kupindura mibvunzo yemuromo zviri nani—uye kushandisa ruzivo irworwo mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika.

Tevedzera Mamiriro Echando Ari Mupfungwa Dzako (uye paSim)

Kana chikoro chako chichikwanisa kushandisa sim yekufambisa yakazara, kumbira kuti uzive mamiriro echando. Kana zvisina kudaro, gadzira maekisesaizi epfungwa panguva yekudzidziswa kwendege usati waenda:

• "Ko kana tikapinda mumakore pa -5°C?"
• "Ko kana kupisa kwepitot kukakundikana pakati pekukwira?"
• "Ko kana rambi remuchina wekupisa rikaramba rakadzima?"

Kudzidzira "ko kana" kunoita kuti maitiro ako ave akajeka.

Shandisa Madhayagiramu Ehurongwa, Kwete Mabhuku Ekudzidza Chete

Ndima dzemabhuku dzinogona kusanganiswa. Shandisa marongero ehurongwa kana mapaneru emukamuri kuti uone kuti zvikamu zvekubvisa icing zvakarongwa sei uye zvakabatana sei.

Zvinyore iwe pachako. Kana chikoro chako chikasapa maposta ehurongwa—dhirowa ako. Zvinonamira zviri nani.

Shandisa Flashcards kuti Udzokorore Kuyeuka

Masisitimu ekubvisa icing anozivikanwa mubvunzo dzakanyorwa uye mukunyora. Gadzira makadhi ekukurumidzira e:

• Mhando dzehurongwa uye mienzaniso yendege
• Maitiro ekushanda akajairika uye zvipingamupinyi
• Zviratidzo zvekukundikana uye matanho ekugadzirisa

Mapurogiramu akaita seAnki anoshanda zvakanaka—kana kuti edza kugadzira makadhi chaiwo.

Dzidzira Tsananguro Dzemuromo Zvinonzwika

Unogona kutsanangura musiyano uripo pakati peTKS nemagetsi anodziya mukati memasekonzi asingasviki makumi matanhatu here? Edza. Kugona kutsanangura mashandiro emagetsi zvakajeka—pasina kunzwika seuri kutaura bhuku rekushandisa—kunoita mutsauko mukuru mukuongororwa kwemotokari nekubvunzurudzwa.

Kuvimba nemasystem ekubvisa icing kunoratidza kuti hausi mutyairi wendege akachengeteka chete—uri munhu akagadzirira mutoro wekutungamira.

Mhedziso: Kubvisa Icing Hakusi Kungori Sisitimu—Ipfungwa Yekuchengetedza

Kunzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi system yekubvisa chando mundege kunopfuura kududzirwa kwacho. Chinokosha pakuziva kuti ungachengetedza sei ndege yako yakakodzera kubhururuka munjodzi yakanyarara, isingaoneki iyo yakamisa kubhururuka kwakawanda.

Ungave uchigadzirira CPL yako, wakagara muSIM yako yekutanga, kana kubhururuka mumakore chaiwo pazuva rinotonhora, kugona kwako kuona mamiriro echando, kuvhura masisitimu akakodzera, uye kuvimba nekushanda kwawo zvichatsanangura kugadzirira kwako semutyairi wendege ane hunyanzvi.

Saka rangarira:

• Ziva hurongwa hwendege yako: zvainodzivirira, mashandiro ainoita, uye zvayakaganhurirwa nazvo
• Usamirire kuti chando chionekwe—ita zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kwete fungidziro
• Nyanzvi dzekubvisa icing pasi uye masisitimu emundege—dzinoita mabasa akasiyana
• Uye pamusoro pezvose: tora ruzivo rwekugadzirisa chando sechinhu chakakosha, kwete sarudzo

Unoda kudzidzisa uko masisitimu ekubvisa icing anodzidziswa nezviitiko zvepasirese, kudzidzisa kwekutarisa, uye kudzika kwehurongwa hwakazara?

Tanga na Florida Flyers Flight Academy India—DGCA yakatenderwa uye yakatarisana nekugadzira nzira dzekutengesa dzekuchengetedza dzinotanga nekunzwisisa kwakazara masisitimu akadai.

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa: Chii chinonzi Ndege Dzinobvisa Icing Systems?

Zano renyanzvi: Dzidzira kupa mhinduro chaidzo—kwete tsananguro dzemabhuku—kumibvunzo yakaita seiyi. Ndizvo zviri kuyedzwa nevabvunzurudzi nevaongorori.

Bata Chikwata cheFlorida Flyers Flight Academy nhasi panhamba 91 (0) 1171 816622 kuti uzive zvakawanda nezvePrivate Pilot Ground School Course.

Zviri Mukati