Isantya sibalulekile kwiinqwelomoya. Awunakuthetha ngeenqwelomoya ungathethanga ngesantya. Sichaphazela yonke into—ukusebenza kakuhle, ukonga ipetroli, kunye nexesha lokubhabha. Kodwa asikuko konke isantya esifanayo.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bajongana neentlobo ngeentlobo isantya somoya. Isantya somoya esibonisiweyo (IAS), isantya somoya esilinganisiweyo (CAS), isantya somoya sokwenyani (TAS), kunye nesantya somhlaba—zonke zisebenza ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba awuziqondi, awuqondi ukubhabha.
Enye yezona zibalulekileyo? TAS. Sisantya sokwenyani senqwelo-moya ehamba emoyeni, ingachaphazeleki ngumoya. Nantsi ke inxalenye enomdla: isantya somoya sokwenyani siyanda njengoko unyuka.
Kutheni oko kusenzeka? Kulula—ubuninzi bomoya buyatshintsha xa unyuka. Okukhona unyuka, kokukhona umoya uncipha, kokukhona uxhathiso luncinci, kokukhona inqwelo moya ihamba ngokukhawuleza emoyeni. Nokuba isantya somoya esibonisiweyo sibonisa ixabiso eliphantsi, isantya somoya sokwenyani siyaqhubeka sinyuka.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba kutheni isantya somoya sokwenyani sinyuka ngokuphakama, indlela esilinganiswa ngayo, kunye nesizathu sokuba sibaluleke, esi sikhokelo siyayichaza yonke into—akukho nto ilula, ulwazi lokwenyani olufunekayo kubaqhubi beenqwelo moya.
Yintoni i-True Airspeed?
Isantya siyinto ebalulekileyo kwiinqwelomoya. Kodwa asikuko konke ukukhawulezisa okwenziwa ngokulinganayo.
Isantya somoya sokwenyani (i-TAS) sisantya sokwenyani senqwelo-moya ehamba emoyeni. Sahlukile kwinto oyibonayo kwisalathisi sesantya somoya. Elo nani? isantya somoya esibonisiweyo (IAS), kwaye ayibalisi ibali elipheleleyo.
Kwindawo esezantsi, i-TAS kunye ne-IAS ziphantse zifane. Kodwa njengoko unyuka, uxinano lomoya luyehla, kwaye inqwelo-moya ihamba ngokukhawuleza emoyeni omncinci. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-TAS yakho iyanda, nokuba i-IAS yakho ihlala injalo.
Kutheni oku kubalulekile? Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya basebenzisa i-TAS ekucwangciseni uhambo ngenqwelo moya, ukuhamba ngenqwelo moya, kunye nokonga ipetroli. Okukhona isantya somoya sikhawuleza, kokukhona ixesha lokubhabha lifutshane. Kwinqanawa ende, i-TAS linani elibaluleke ngokwenene.
Isantya soMoya sokwenyani xa kuthelekiswa nesantya soMoya esibonisiweyo
Oko ukubonayo kwi isalathisi sesantya somoya ayisosantya sakho sokwenyani emoyeni. Kulapho ke umahluko phakathi kwesantya somoya sokwenyani (TAS) kunye nesantya somoya esibonisiweyo (IAS) ungena khona.
Isantya somoya esibonisiweyo (IAS) siboniswa sisalathisi sesantya somoya senqwelo-moya (ASI). Sisekelwe kuxinzelelo olutshintshatshintshayo oluvela kwityhubhu yepitot. Kodwa nantsi into efunekayo—okukhona ubhabha phezulu, kokukhona umoya uncipha, kwaye uxinzelelo oluncinci olulinganiswa yityhubhu yepitot.
Isantya somoya sokwenyani (i-TAS) sisantya sokwenyani emoyeni, esilungiswa ngenxa yokuphakama kunye notshintsho loxinzelelo. Siyanda ngokuphakama kuba inqwelo-moya ijongene nokuxhathisa okuncinci emoyeni omncinci.
Umqhubi wenqwelo moya oneemitha ezingama-35,000 unokubona amaqhina angama-250 nge-IAS, kodwa isantya somoya sakhe sinokuba ngaphezu kwamaqhina angama-450. Ngumahluko omkhulu lowo.
Nantsi oku ku funeka ukwazi:
- I-IAS yenzelwe ulawulo lweenqwelo moya—ixelela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba bakwimida ekhuselekileyo na.
- I-TAS yeyokuzulazula—ixela ukuba inqwelo-moya ihamba ngesantya esingakanani emoyeni.
- Okukhona ubhabha phezulu, kokukhona umsantsa phakathi kwe-IAS kunye ne-TAS ukhula.
Yiyo loo nto i-TAS ibalulekile—linani elichaphazela ixesha lokubhabha, ukusebenza kakuhle kwepetroli, kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi.
Iziphumo zokuphakama kwisantya somoya sokwenyani
Okukhona usiya phezulu, kokukhona ubhabha ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa kutheni?
Konke kuxhomekeke kuxinano lomoya. Kwindawo esezantsi, umoya utyebile, nto leyo edala ukumelana ngakumbi nenqwelo-moya. Njengoko ukuphakama kusanda, iimolekyuli zomoya ziyasasazeka, nto leyo enciphisa ukutsalwa. Ngokuxhathisa okuncinci, inqwelo-moya ihamba ngokukhawuleza emoyeni, nokuba isalathisi sesantya somoya sibonisa inani eliphantsi.
Ngoku, masithethe ngamaqondo obushushu. Njengoko ukuphakama kusanda, ubushushu buyehla, nto leyo echaphazela uxinano lomoya nangakumbi. Umoya obandayo uxinene ngakumbi kunomoya ofudumeleyo, ngoko ke inqwelo-moya ayitsali kakhulu kwaye ayifumani TAS iphezulu kwiimeko ezibandayo xa ikwindawo ephezulu.
Yiyo loo nto i-TAS isanda njengoko inqwelo-moya inyuka phezulu. Inqwelo-moya ebhabha ngeenyawo ezingama-35,000 enesantya somoya esibonisiweyo (IAS) sama-250 knots inokuba ne-TAS yama-450 knots. Lo ngumahluko omkhulu. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile ekucwangcisweni kwepetroli, ukuhambahamba, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwiindiza eziphakamileyo.
Ubalo lwe-Airspeed yokwenyani
Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abaqikeleli isantya somoya sokwenyani. Bayasibala.
Kukho ifomula elula yokuguqula i-IAS ibe yi-TAS:
Ngoko ke, ukuba ubhabha ngeenyawo ezili-10,000 nge-IAS yama-knot angama-200, isantya sakho somoya sokwenyani simalunga nama-knot angama-240. Okukhona unyuka phezulu, kokukhona umahluko umkhulu.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya abakubali ngesandla ngalo lonke ixesha. Basebenzisa ii-calculator ze-TAS—nokuba zakhelwe kwii-avionics zanamhlanje okanye ezikhoyo njengezixhobo zokucwangcisa inqwelo moya. Ezi calculator zithatha igalelo elifana nokuphakama, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelo ukuze zinike ukufundwa kwe-TAS kwangoko.
Ingongoma ephambili? I-TAS ayisiyonto oyiqikelelayo. Yinto oyibalayo. Kwaye kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, linani elibaluleke ngokwenene.
Ifomula yesantya somoya yokwenyani
Isantya somoya sokwenyani (i-TAS) asiyonto abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abayiqikelelayo—yinto abayibalayo. Ukuqonda indlela yesantya somoya sokwenyani kubalulekile ekucwangciseni nasekuhambeni ngokuchanekileyo kwenqwelo moya.
Ifomula esemgangathweni ye-True Airspeed
Ifomula yeMathematika:
Iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zichaziwe
- I-Airspeed ebonisiwe (IAS): Isantya esiboniswe kwisalathisi sesantya somoya. Asibaleli utshintsho lokuphakama okanye ubushushu.
- Ukuphakama koxinzelelo: Ukuphakama okulungisiweyo ngokwengcinezelo eqhelekileyo yomoya (29.92 inHg okanye 1013.25 hPa).
- Ukushisa: Ichaphazela uxinano lomoya, nto leyo echaphazela isantya somoya sokwenyani. Umoya obandayo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo unciphisa ukumelana nomoya, nto leyo enyusa i-TAS.
Umzekelo wokubala
Masithi umqhubi wenqwelo moya ubhabha ngeenyawo ezili-15,000 ngesantya somoya esibonisiweyo samaqhina ali-180.
Ukusebenzisa ifomula yokulinganisa ngokukhawuleza:
Oku kuthetha ukuba inqwelo-moya ihamba emoyeni ngesantya esingama-234 knots, nangona isalathisi sesantya somoya sibonisa. Amaqhina ama-180.
Isantya somoya sokwenyani siyanda xa umoya uphezulu ngenxa yoxinano oluphantsi lomoya. Yiyo loo nto abaqhubi beenqwelo moya besebenzisa i-TAS kwisantya sohambo ngenqanawa, ukonga ipetroli, kunye nokucwangcisa ukuhamba ngenqanawa.
Isantya soMoya sokwenyani kunye nesantya soMhlaba
Isantya somoya sokwenyani kunye nesantya somhlaba azifani. Esinye sisantya sakho emoyeni, esinye sisantya sakho phezu komhlaba.
Umahluko Ongundoqo
- Isantya somoya (TAS) – Isantya sokwenyani senqwelo-moya xa sithelekiswa nomoya oyijikelezileyo.
- Isantya soMhlaba (GS) – Isantya sokwenyani senqwelo-moya phezu komhlaba.
Nokuba i-TAS yenqwelo-moya ayiguquguquki, isantya sayo somhlaba siyatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zomoya.
Indlela Umoya Oyichaphazela Ngayo Isantya Somhlaba
- Umoya ovuthuzayo (umoya ovuthuzayo nxamnye nenqwelo-moya): Inciphisa isantya somhlaba.
- Umoya otyhala inqwelo-moya phambili (umoya otyhala inqwelo-moya phambili): Yonyusa isantya somhlaba.
- Umoya onqamlezayo (umoya ovela ecaleni): Ichaphazela indlela yokubhabha kodwa ayichaphazeli ngqo isantya esiya phambili.
Kutheni Abaqhubi Beenqwelo-moya Kufuneka Bacinge Ngesantya Somhlaba
- Ukuchaneka kwexesha lokubhabha – Isantya somhlaba simisela ukuba kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufika kwindawo oya kuyo, hayi isantya somoya sokwenyani.
- UCwangciso lweFuel - A intloko enkulu inokunyusa ukutsha kwepetroli ngokunciphisa isantya somhlaba, ngelixa umsila inokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli.
- Uhlengahlengiso lokuHamba – Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya balungisa iintloko kunye nesantya ukuze balungise iziphumo zomoya baze bahlale endleleni.
Umzekelo, ukuba i-TAS yenqwelo-moya ingama-250 knots, kodwa idibana nomoya ohamba phambili ongama-40 knot, isantya sayo somhlaba singama-210 knots kuphela. Kwelinye icala, ngomoya ohamba emva ongama-40 knots, isantya somhlaba sinyuka siye kuma-290 knots.
Yiyo loo nto i-TAS isetyenziselwa ukusebenza kweenqwelo-moya, kodwa isantya somhlaba siso esimisela ukuba inqwelo-moya ikhawuleza kangakanani na ukuya kwindawo eya kuyo.
Impembelelo yoBushushu kwi-True Airspeed
Ubushushu budlala indima enkulu kwiinqwelomoya. Buchaphazela uxinano lomoya, ukusebenza kwenjini, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu, i-TAS.
Indlela Ubushushu Obuchaphazela Ngayo Isantya Somoya Sokwenyani Kwii-Altitudes Ezihlukeneyo
Kwindawo esezantsi, umoya uxinene kwaye udala ukutsalwa okungakumbi, oko kuthetha ukuba isantya somoya sokwenyani sisondele kwisantya somoya esichaziweyo. Njengoko ukuphakama kusanda, ubushushu buyehla, umoya uya uncipha, kwaye isantya somoya sokwenyani siyanyuka.
Kodwa nantsi inguqu—ubushushu abupheli ngonaphakade. Malunga neenyawo ezingama-36,000, buzinza kwi -56.5°C (-69.7°F) kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zomoya. Olu zinzo ludlala indima enkulu ekubalweni kwe-TAS kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zokuhamba ngenqanawa.
Indima ye-International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
I-International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) inika isalathiso sobushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye noxinano lomoya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuphakama.
Ixabiso le-ISA eliPhambili:
- Ubushushu bomgangatho wolwandle: 15°C (59°F)
- Izinga lokuphelelwa liqondo lobushushu: -2°C ngeenyawo ezili-1,000 ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyawo ezingama-36,000
- Ubushushu obuhlala buhleli bungaphezulu kweenyawo ezingama-36,000
Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya basebenzisa iitafile ze-ISA ukuthelekisa iimeko zehlabathi lokwenyani namaxabiso aqhelekileyo. Ukuba ubushushu bokwenyani bushushu kune-ISA, isantya somoya sokwenyani siya kuba phezulu kunexabiso elibaliweyo. Ukuba kubanda kune-ISA, isantya somoya sokwenyani siya kuba ezantsi.
Kutheni Amaqondo Obushushu Abandayo Enyusa Isantya Somoya Esichanekileyo Kwindawo Ephakamileyo
Umoya obandayo uxinene kunomoya ofudumeleyo, nto leyo evumela iinjini ukuba zivelise ukutyhala okungakumbi kunye namaphiko ukuze zivelise ukuphakama okungakumbi. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuthetha ukuba xa inqwelo-moya inyuka phezulu, inqwelo-moya inokufikelela kwisantya esiphezulu somoya ngaphandle kokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli.
Inqwelo-moya iBoeing 777 ehamba ngeenyawo ezingama-35,000 inokuba ne-TAS yama-knots angama-480 kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo ze-ISA, kodwa emoyeni obandayo kunowesiqhelo, ingafikelela kuma-knots angaphezu kwama-500 ngokuseta amandla okufanayo.
Yiyo loo nto ubushushu bubalulekile—buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kwepetroli, ixesha lokubhabha, kunye nokusebenza kweenqwelo-moya iyonke.
Ubudlelwane Phakathi kwe-True Airspeed kunye neMach Number
Xa ubhabha kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, i-TAS ayiyonto yodwa ebalulekileyo—inombolo ye-Mach ibaluleka ngokufanayo.
Indlela i-TAS enxulumene ngayo neNombolo yeMach
- Isantya somoya (TAS) – Ilinganisa isantya sokwenyani emoyeni.
- Inombolo yeMach (M) – Ilinganisa isantya xa kuthelekiswa nesantya sesandi.
Njengoko ukuphakama kusanda, ubushushu bomoya buyehla, kwaye isantya sesandi siyehla. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, inqwelo-moya inokuhamba nge-TAS ephezulu kodwa ibe kwinani eliphantsi leMach.
Inqwelo moya ehamba ngesantya se-500 knots TAS kwinqanaba lolwandle ibiya kuhamba nge-Mach 0.75. Kodwa ngesantya se-35,000 feet, loo 500 knots TAS ikufutshane ne-Mach 0.85 ngenxa yesantya esiphantsi sesandi xa siphezulu.
Inombolo yeMach ebalulekileyo kunye neNqwelo-moya ekhawulezayo
Inombolo yeMach ebalulekileyo (Mcr): Isantya apho umoya uhamba khona phezu kweendawo zenqwelo-moya sifikelela kwiMach 1 (isantya sesandi).
Ukuba inqwelo-moya idlula inani layo elibalulekileyo leMach, inokuhlangabezana namaza okutshayisa, ukutsalwa okukhulu, kunye nokulahlekelwa lulawulo. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lweejethi zorhwebo zihamba kwiinombolo zeMach ngaphantsi kwemida yazo ebalulekileyo yeMach (ngesiqhelo iMach 0.78 - 0.86 kwiinqwelo-moya ezininzi).
Indlela Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abasebenzisa ngayo inombolo yeMach kwi-Cruise Flight
Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezisezantsi, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya babeka isantya sokuhamba ngenqanawa besebenzisa i-TAS. Kodwa ngaphezulu kwe-25,000 - 30,000 iinyawo, batshintshela kwi-Mach number ukuze bagcine ukusebenza kakuhle.
Ngoba? Kuba inombolo yeMach ihlala ihambelana nokutshintsha koxinano lomoya, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ithembeke ngakumbi ekusebenzeni kolwandle kwiindawo eziphakamileyo.
Umqhubi wenqwelo moya obhabha eMach 0.82 ngeenyawo ezingama-35,000 unokuba ne-TAS yama-480 knots, kodwa ngeenyawo ezingama-40,000, ukugcina iMach 0.82 kunokuthetha i-TAS ekufutshane nama-500 knots.
Yingakho isantya somoya sokwenyani kunye nenombolo yeMach zihamba kunye—enye ilinganisa isantya sokwenyani, ngelixa enye iqinisekisa ukubhabha okukhuselekileyo nokufanelekileyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo.
Kutheni i-Airspeed yokwenyani ibalulekile
I-TAS ingaphezulu nje kwenani—yinto ebalulekileyo ekuqhubekeni nohambo, ukonga ipetroli, kunye nokhuseleko lokubhabha.
Kutheni Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bexhomekeke kwi-TAS
Ukuzulazula kunye nokuCwangcisa iNdiza – Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya basebenzisa i-TAS ukubala ixesha eliqikelelweyo lokufika (i-ETA), ukutshiswa kwepetroli, kunye nesantya esifanelekileyo sokuhamba ngenqanawa. Ekubeni isantya somoya esibonisiweyo sitshintsha ngokwendawo ephakamileyo, isantya somoya sokwenyani sinika umlinganiselo othembekileyo ngakumbi kwiindiza ezithatha uhambo olude.
Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwamafutha kunye noLondolozo lweendleko – Iinqwelomoya zenza ngcono i-TAS ukuze kongiwe kakhulu amafutha. Ukuhamba ngenqwelo moya eMach 0.82 nge-TAS engama-480 knots kugubungela umhlaba ngokufanelekileyo, kunciphisa iindleko zamafutha ngelixa kugcinwa isantya.
Ukusebenza noKhuseleko – Isantya somoya sokwenyani sinceda ekumiseleni isantya sokuma kwenqwelo-moya, isantya sokunyuka, kunye nemida yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo. Ikwadlala indima ekubaleni amanani eenqwelo-moya, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinqwelo-moya azidluli kwimida yazo ebalulekileyo yeMach kwiindawo eziphakamileyo.
Indima yeZibonakaliso ze-TAS kwiNqwelo-moya zanamhlanje
Uninzi lweenqwelo-moya lunayo iinkqubo ze-avionics ezibala isantya somoya sokwenyani ngokuzenzekelayo, zilungelelanisa ubushushu, ukuphakama koxinzelelo, kunye nesantya somoya esibonisiweyo. Kwiinqwelomoya ezindala, abaqhubi beenqwelo moya baxhomekeke ekubaleni ngesandla okanye kwiikhompyutha zeenqwelomoya.
Kwiinqwelo-moya eziphakamileyo, i-TAS yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokulinganisa isantya, ingakumbi kwiinqwelo-moya zeenqwelo-moya kunye neenqwelo-moya ezikude.
isiphelo
I-TAS iyanda ngokuphakama—kwaye oko kubalulekile kuye wonke umqhubi wenqwelomoya.
Njengoko ukuphakama kukhuphuka, uxinano lomoya luyehla, kunciphisa ukutsalwa kwaye kwandise i-TAS. Nangona isantya somoya esibonisiweyo sinokuhlala sinjalo, i-TAS iyanyuka, ivumela iinqwelomoya ukuba zigubungele umhlaba omninzi ngokusebenza ngcono.
Ukuqonda i-TAS vs. IAS, impembelelo yayo ekusebenziseni kakuhle ipetroli, kunye nolwalamano lwayo nenombolo yeMach kubalulekile ukuze kucwangciswe ngokuchanekileyo uhambo lokubhabha.
Kubaqhubi beenqwelo moya, isantya sokwenyani somoya asiyonto nje yobuchwephesha—sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokubhabha ngokukhuselekileyo, ngokufanelekileyo, nangokuchanekileyo. Nokuba kukuqhuba inqwelo moya encinci okanye inqwelo moya yorhwebo, i-TAS idlala indima kuyo yonke inqanaba lokubhabha.
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