Malunga ne-0.5% yeziqinisekiso zonyango zomqhubi wenqwelo moya ziyaliwa minyaka le kuba abaviwa abahlangabezani neemfuno zomzimba. Imeko yakho yomzimba kunye nempilo iyonke zizinto ezibalulekileyo kumsebenzi wakho weenqwelo moya. Iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo moya ziphakathi kwezinto zonke ekubeni ngumqhubi wenqwelo moya.
Ukufumana amaphiko akho kufuna uvavanyo oluqinileyo lwezonyango kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo kwempilo. Amagunya eenqwelo moya ajonga iinkalo ezahlukeneyo - ukusuka kuvavanyo lwezonyango ukuya kwimigangatho ethile yomzimba yeenqwelo moya. Ezi mfuno ziqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uhlala ekhuselekile emoyeni kwaye imisebenzi ihamba kakuhle. Iinqwelo moya zinokuba nemigangatho yomzimba yokuqhuba abaqhubi beenqwelo moya eyahlukileyo kancinci kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Zonke zigxila ekuboneni, ekuveni, kwimpilo yentliziyo, nakwindlela esebenza kakuhle ngayo inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo. Kuya kufuneka uziqonde ezi mfuno zonyango ngaphambi kokuba uchithe ixesha nemali kuqeqesho lokubhabha.
Esi sikhokelo sineenkcukacha singena kwimigangatho yezempilo elula ekufuneka uyifezekise - yonke into ukusuka kwiimfuno zobude bomqhubi ukuya kuvavanyo oluphambili lwezonyango. Uza kufumanisa oko kulindelekileyo kwiingcali zeenqwelo-moya, indlela yokulungiselela uvavanyo lwezempilo, kunye neendlela zokugcina isiqinisekiso sakho sezonyango sisebenza kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakho.
Isishwankathelo seNkqubo yeSatifikethi sezonyango
Isiqinisekiso sezonyango sisebenza njengesiseko esiqinisekisa ukuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayahlangabezana neemfuno zomzimba kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wabo wokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya. Kufuneka uqonde inkqubo yovavanyo lwezonyango eneenkcukacha eziqinisekisa ukuba ukulungele ukubhabha ngaphambi kokuba uqale uhambo lwakho.
Iimfuno zoVavanyo lwezonyango zokuqala
An Umhloli wezonyango weenqwelo moya otyunjwe yi-FAA (AME) kufuneka wenze uvavanyo lwakho lokuqala lwezonyango ukuze ufumane iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelomoya. Kufuneka ugcwalise isicelo sakho ngeMedXPress kwaye ucwangcise idinga kunye ne-AME yasekuhlaleni. I-AME iya kuvavanya iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelomoya yakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyahlangabezana nayo yonke imigangatho.
| Iklasi yeSatifikethi soNyango | Usetyenziso oluphambili | Ukunyaniseka (Ngaphantsi kwama-40) | Ukunyaniseka (40 nangaphezulu) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iklasi yokuqala | Umqhubi wenqwelo moya wezothutho | Iinyanga ze-12 | Iinyanga ze-6 |
| Iklasi yesiBini | Umqhubi wenqwelomoya | Iinyanga ze-12 | Iinyanga ze-12 |
| Iklasi Yesithathu | Umqhubi wabucala | Iinyanga ze-60 | Iinyanga ze-24 |
Iinkqubo zoHlaziyo kunye namaxesha amiselweyo
Ubudala bakho kunye neemfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelomoya zorhwebo zimisela inkqubo yokuhlaziya isiqinisekiso sezonyango. Uvavanyo lokuhlaziya lungagqitywa kwiintsuku ezingama-45 ngaphambi kokuba isatifikethi sakho siphelelwe lixesha. Izatifikethi zonyango ezikumgangatho wokuqala zihlala zisebenza iinyanga ezili-12 kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya abangaphantsi kwama-40, ngelixa abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abangaphezu kwama-40 befuna ukuhlaziywa rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-6 kwimisebenzi yomqhubi wenqwelomoya.
Iimfuno zonyango zabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ziquka uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwe:
-Ukubona nokuva
-Impilo yentliziyo
-Umsebenzi we-neurological
-Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuphefumla
-Ukuqina kwemisipha
Iimfuneko zoXwebhu
Amaxwebhu afanelekileyo adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomzimba ezivavanyiweyo ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa. Kufuneka ungenise iFomu CA 34 yovavanyo lokuqala lwezonyango kunye neFomu CA 34A yokuhlaziya. Umvavanyi wakho wezonyango uza kugcwalisa iFomu CA 35 aze akunike ikopi.
Le nkqubo yoxwebhu inceda ekurekhodeni nasekuqinisekiseni zonke iimfuno zomzimba zovavanyo ngokuchanekileyo. Kufuneka uzise iirekhodi zonyango ezifanelekileyo ukuba uneemeko zempilo okanye usela amayeza. Le ndlela ibandakanya yonke into yoxwebhu igcina imigangatho yokhuseleko ephezulu kwiinqwelomoya kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba impilo yezonyango kwimisebenzi yeenqwelo moya.
Iimfuno zoMbono kunye noVavanyo
Uvavanyo lombono luphawu olubalulekileyo lweemfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya. Ukukwazi kwakho ukubhabha inqwelo-moya ngokukhuselekileyo kuxhomekeke ekuhlangabezaneni nemigangatho engqongqo yombono kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ubunzima bembonakalo Imigangatho yeeMfuno zoMzimba zoLingelo
Udidi ngalunye lwesatifikethi lunemigangatho ethile yobuchule bokubona. Isatifikethi sezonyango seFirst Class sifuna ubuchule bokubona obukude obuyi-20/20 okanye ngaphezulu emehlweni omabini xa kuvavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo. Imfuneko yokubona encinci eyi-20/40 isebenza kwiliso ngalinye kwisatifikethi seSecond Class pilot.
| Iklasi yeSatifikethi | Umbono oMgama | Umbono okufutshane | Umbono ophakathi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iklasi yokuqala | 20/20 iliso ngalinye | 20/40 kwi-16″ | 20/40 kwi-32″ (ubudala obungama-50 nangaphezulu) |
| Iklasi yesiBini | 20/40 iliso ngalinye | 20/40 kwi-16″ | Ayifuneki |
| Iklasi Yesithathu | 20/40 iliso ngalinye | 20/40 kwi-16″ | Ayifuneki |
Iimfuneko zoBunzulu bokuqonda
Iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo moya zifuna ukuba ubonise ubuchule bokuqonda ubunzulu obaneleyo. I-FAA ifuna:
-Ukulungiswa kweBifoveal kwisatifikethi sezonyango seKlasi lokuQala nelesiBini
-Ubudlelwane phakathi kweVergence nePhoria banele ukugcina ukudibana
-Uvavanyo lwabaviwa abane-diopters ye-prism engaphezulu kwe-1 ye-hyperphoria okanye ii-diopters ze-prism ezi-6 ze-esophoria/exophoria
Ukuqonda ubunzulu kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimfuno zomqhubi wenqwelo moya zorhwebo. Kunceda abaqhubi beenqwelo moya ukuba bahlulele umgama ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha leenqanaba ezibalulekileyo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokufika nokujika.
Uvavanyo loMbono waseBusuku
Isiqinisekiso sakho sovavanyo sifuna uvavanyo olupheleleyo lombono wasebusuku. Amandla okubona ebusuku avavanywa ngokusebenzisa:
Uvavanyo lokuziqhelanisa nobumnyama lujonga ukuba amehlo akho alungelelaniswe naneemeko zokukhanya okuphantsi. Oku kubandakanya ukuvuselelwa kwe-photopigment kwiintonga nakwiikhowuni. Kufuneka ubonise ukubuyiselwa kokubona ebusuku emva kokukhanya okuqaqambileyo.
Ukuvezwa okwethutyana kwizibane ezimhlophe ezisebenza ngamandla aphezulu akuchaphazeli kangako umbono wakho wasebusuku ngexesha lomsebenzi wasebusuku. Kodwa ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwizibane ezikhanyayo kunokuphazamisa kakhulu ukuziqhelanisa nombono wakho wasebusuku kwaye kuchaphazele ukuthobela kwakho iimfuno zomzimba.
Ungalungisa umbono wakho usebenzisa iiglasi, iilensi zoqhagamshelwano, okanye utyando lokubona. Emva kotyando lokubona, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka balinde iiveki ezi-6 ngaphambi kokuba babuyele kwimisebenzi yabo yokubhabha. Ukulungiswa kwee-diopters ezingaphezu kwe-3 kufuna ixesha lokulinda leeveki ezili-12.
Imigangatho yezeMpilo ye-Neurological
Impilo yakho yemithambo-luvo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya. Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela oqhuba kakuhle ngayo imisebenzi enzima yokubhabha ngokukhuselekileyo. I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inemigangatho epheleleyo yemithambo-luvo ekufuneka uyifezekise ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso sakho somqhubi wenqwelo-moya.
Iimfuneko zokulinganisela kunye nokulungelelanisa iimfuno zomzimba zovavanyo
Abasebenzi bezonyango baza kuhlola ngononophelo amandla akho okulinganisela kunye nokulungelelanisa njengenxalenye yeemfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelomoya. Uvavanyo lune:
| Uhlobo loVavanyo | Imfuneko | Ubuninzi |
|---|---|---|
| Uvavanyo loLingano | Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo we-vestibular | Ukuvuselelwa ngakunye kwezonyango |
| Uvavanyo loQhagamshelwano | Ulawulo lwemoto oluchanekileyo | Ukuqala kunye nokuhlaziya |
| Uvavanyo lweBhanki | Ulawulo oluzinzileyo lwesimo | Uvavanyo lonyaka |
Ezi mfuno ziya kukunika umfanekiso ocacileyo wamandla akho okugcina ulungelelwaniso lwendawo ngexesha lokusebenza kweenqwelo moya. Iingcali zonyango kufuneka zihlolisise ngononophelo nayiphi na imbali ye-vertigo okanye iingxaki zokulinganisela. Iimeko ezininzi ze-neurological zinokuchaphazela ukulingana kwakho kwaye zinokubangela ukukhubazeka ngequbuliso.
UVavanyo lweMsebenzi yoQoqosho
Iimfuno zakho zomzimba zovavanyo lwezorhwebo zifuna uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwengqondo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwengqondo okufanelekileyo. Inkqubo yovavanyo ijonga oku kulandelayo:
-Isantya sokucubungula inkumbulo nolwazi
-Izakhono zokwenza imisebenzi emininzi
-Ukwenza izigqibo phantsi koxinzelelo
-Ukunika ingqalelo kunye nokunyamezela kwengqondo
Abasebenzi bezonyango basebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlola ezisemgangathweni ezifana novavanyo lweMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) okanye uvavanyo lweSt. Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS). Ezi mfuno zinceda ekufumaneni imiba engabonakaliyo yengqondo enokuchaphazela ukhuseleko lokubhabha.
Ulawulo lweMeko ye-Neurological
Kufuneka nje unikele ingqalelo kwiindlela ezithile xa ulawula iimeko ze-neurological ngelixa uhlangabezana neemfuno zomzimba zokuqala. I-FAA ibona nayiphi na imeko ye-neurological enokubangela ukuba umntu angafaneleki ekuqaleni. Iimfuno zakho zesatifikethi sezonyango ziquka:
| Uhlobo lwemeko | Inkqubo yoLawulo | Impembelelo yeSiqinisekiso |
|---|---|---|
| Intloko/iMigraines | Uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye | Uvavanyo lwemeko nganye |
| Imbali yokubamba | Ubuncinane iminyaka eli-10 yokujonga | Ngokwesiqhelo kuyabathintela |
| Uxinzelelo lwentloko | Amaxesha okumiswa asekelwe kwi-PTA | Ubuncinane benyanga eyi-1-12 |
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaneemeko emva kwengozi kufuneka balandele amaxesha athile okulinda ngokusekelwe kubunzima bokwenzakala. I-Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) engaphantsi kweyure enye ithetha ukumiswa kwenyanga enye. I-PTA edlula iiyure ezingama-24 ifuna ubuncinane unyaka kude nemisebenzi yeenqwelo-moya.
Ugqirha oqinisekisiweyo yibhodi oqondayo iimfuno zeenqwelo moya kufuneka enze uvavanyo lwakho lwempilo yemithambo-luvo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa umfanekiso opheleleyo wemeko yakho yangoku yemithambo-luvo kunye neengozi ezinokubakho kwinqwelo-moya. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kuba yinto ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi xa unembali yeemeko zemithambo-luvo ezinokuchaphazela ukhuseleko lokubhabha.
Iimfuno zeNkqubo yokuPhefumla
Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yakho yokuphefumla yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeemfuno zomzimba zovavanyo ezichaphazela amandla akho okusebenza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda kakuhle ezi mfuno kuya kukunceda ugcine impilo efanelekileyo yokuphefumla kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakho weenqwelo moya.
Imigangatho Yokusebenza Kwemiphunga Yeemfuno Zomzimba Zovavanyo Lovavanyo
Umsebenzi wakho wemiphunga kufuneka uhlangabezane nemigangatho ethile yesiqinisekiso somqhubi. Uvavanyo lunovavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-spirometry olulinganisa:
| Imilinganiselo | Ubuncinci beMfuneko | Uvavanyo oluQhelekileyo |
|---|---|---|
| Umlinganiselo we-FEV1/FVC | > 70% | Ukuqala kunye nokuhlaziya |
| I-Peak Flow | >80% eqikelelweyo | Ngamaxesha abonisiwe |
| I-Spirometry | Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo | Iklasi yokuqala 1 |
Le migangatho iqinisekisa ukuba unamandla okuphefumla aneleyo. Ingcali yokuphefumla iya kufuneka ikuhlole ukuba umlinganiselo wakho we-FEV1/FVC wehla ngaphantsi kwe-70%.
Iimfuneko zokugcwala kweoksijini
Amanqanaba akho okugcwalisa ioksijini egazini abalulekile kwisiqinisekiso somqhubi wenqwelomoya. Kwindawo ephakamileyo yekhabhathi, la manqanaba kufuneka ahlale:
-Ngaphezulu kwe-90% kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo
-Ngaphezulu kwe-95% xa usebenzisa i-oxygen eyongezelelweyo
Kufuneka usebenzise ioksijini phantsi kwezi meko zilandelayo:
*Ngaphezulu kweenyawo ezili-12,500 kwiindiza ezidlula imizuzu engama-30
*Ngamaxesha onke ngaphezulu kwe-14,000 feet
*Kubo bonke abahlali abangaphezu kwe-15,000 feet
Ukugcinwa kweMpilo yokuPhefumla
Impilo entle yokuphefumla ibalulekile ukuze ugcine isiqinisekiso somqhubi wenqwelo moya. Zininzi iimeko ezinokuchaphazela iimfuno zakho zonyango:
| imeko | Imfuneko yoVavanyo | Impembelelo yeSiqinisekiso |
|---|---|---|
| Isifuba | Uvavanyo lozinzo | Uhlolo oluhambelana nemeko ethile |
| Ukudumba okusebenzayo | Isisombululo siyafuneka | Ukungabi sempilweni okwethutyana |
| Iimeko ezingapheliyo | Uvavanyo lweengcali | Isatifikethi esilinganiselweyo |
Nantsi oku kufuneka ukwenze:
*Jonga amanqanaba okugcwalisa ioksijini rhoqo emva kwemizuzu eli-10-15 xa ubhabha kwiindawo eziphakamileyo
*Thatha uvavanyo lwe-pulmonary morphological xa luboniswe ngokwezonyango
*Xelela umvavanyi wakho wezonyango ngeenqwelo moya malunga naziphi na iimpawu zokuphefumla ngokukhawuleza
Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza kwemiphunga lubalulekile kwimpilo efanelekileyo yokuphefumla. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abane-asthma abafuna amayeza kufuneka babonise uzinzo ngokuvavanya ukusebenza kwemiphunga ngendlela eyanelisayo. Naziphi na iimeko zokudumba ezisebenzayo kufuneka ziphele ngaphambi kokuba uthathwe njengofanelekileyo ngokweemfuno eziqhelekileyo.
Qaphela ukuba uxinzelelo lwekhabhathi kwindawo ephakamileyo lukunika uxinzelelo lweoksijini olufana ne-17% kwinqanaba lolwandle. Olu lwazi lunceda ukugcina ioksijini efanelekileyo ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
Imigangatho Yokuqina Kwemisipha
Inkqubo yakho yemisipha kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno zomzimba zomqhubi ukuze isebenzise inqwelo-moya ngokukhuselekileyo. Umfanekiso opheleleyo wezakhono zakho zomzimba ukusuka entloko ukuya ezinzwaneni kuqinisekisa ukuba unokukwazi ukusingatha yonke imisebenzi yokubhabha ngokufanelekileyo.
Uluhlu lweeMfuno zeNtshukumo kwiiMfuno zoMzimba zoMlilo
Eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya kukwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo. Uvavanyo luneentlobo ezithile zovavanyo lokuhamba:
| Uhlobo lwentshukumo | Ubuncinci beMfuneko | Injongo |
|---|---|---|
| Ukujikeleza kweNtamo | Uluhlu olupheleleyo olungenantlungu | Ubuchule bokujonga obaneleyo |
| Ukuguquguquka komqolo | Ukugoba/ukwandisa kakuhle | Ukufikelela kulawulo lweenqwelo moya |
| Ukushukuma kwamagxa | Uluhlu olupheleleyo lokufikelela | Iinkqubo ezingxamisekileyo |
| Ukushukuma Kwamalungu Asezantsi | Intshukumo engenamida | Ukusebenza kweebhuleki/irudder |
Iikhrayitheriya zoVavanyo lwaMandla
Iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelomoya zorhwebo zifuna ukuba ubonise amandla aneleyo kuyo yonke imisebenzi enxulumene nokubhabha. Uvavanyo lujonga oku:
*Ukomelela koMzimba oPhezulu: Kufuneka ubonise amandla aneleyo kwiinkqubo zongxamiseko kunye nolawulo lweenqwelo-moya
*Amandla oMzimba asezantsi: Kufuneka usebenze kakuhle iipedali zerudder, ingakumbi xa ufika kwindawo ethe tyaba
*Uzinzo olungundoqo: Oku kuyafuneka ukuze uhlale umile kakuhle xa ubhabha ixesha elide
Iimfuno zonyango zithi abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babe namandla aneleyo okunceda abakhweli ngexesha leengxamiseko kwaye basebenze zonke iindlela zokulawula iinqwelo-moya ngokufanelekileyo.
Imigangatho yezeMpilo edibeneyo
Impilo efanelekileyo yamalungu ibalulekile ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zomzimba ezivavanyiweyo. Uvavanyo lwakho lune:
| Imeko Yamalungu | Imfuneko | Impembelelo kwiSatifikethi |
|---|---|---|
| Inqanaba leentlungu | Intshukumo engenazintlungu | Kubalulekile kwisiqinisekiso |
| Uzinzo oluhlangeneyo | Akukho kungazinzi okukhulu | Iyimfuneko kuzo zonke iiklasi |
| uluhlu | Intshukumo epheleleyo esebenzayo | Kuyimfuneko kwimisebenzi |
Iimfuneko zomzimba zovavanyo zijonga ezi meko zithile ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwakho:
-Arthritis: Kufuneka ifikelele esiphelweni okanye ilawulwe
-Iimeko zespinalImiba ephambili ifuna uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha
-Ukuhamba ngokudibeneyo: Kufuneka ubonise intshukumo ekhululekileyo kuzo zonke iindlela zokulawula inqwelomoya
Ukuzilolonga rhoqo kunye ne-ergonomics efanelekileyo kukunceda uhlangabezane neemfuno zomzimba zomqhubi. Iingcali zonyango kufuneka zihlole naziphi na iingxaki zemisipha nemisipha ukuqinisekisa amandla akho kunye nomgama wokuhamba. Ungadinga uvavanyo lwezonyango lokubhabha ukuba kukho amathandabuzo malunga nobuchule bakho bokwenza yonke imisebenzi yokubhabha ngokukhuselekileyo.
Iimfuno Zomzimba Ezinxulumene Nobudala
Iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo moya ziyatshintsha kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe wokuqhuba iinqwelomoya. Ulwazi lwale migangatho itshintshayo lunceda ukugcina isiqinisekiso sezonyango kwaye luqinisekisa umsebenzi omde nophumelelayo kwinqwelomoya.
Imigangatho yezeMpilo yabaPhathi boLutsha
I-Physical yokuqala yomqhubi wenqwelomoya ibeka isiseko somsebenzi wakho. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abaselula abaqala uqeqesho lokubhabha kufuneka bagxile ekwakheni iindlela zempilo ezihlala ixesha elide:
| Iqela le minyaka | Uvavanyo lwezonyango rhoqo | Iimfuno ezizodwa |
|---|---|---|
| phantsi 35 | Yonyaka (Iklasi yokuQala) | I-ECG esisiseko kuvavanyo lokuqala |
| 35-40 | Yonyaka (Iklasi yokuQala) | I-ECG kuvavanyo lokuqala emva kweminyaka engama-35 |
Iimfuno zomzimba zabaviwa be-NDA zivumela umda ofikelela kwi-5.0 cm ubude kunye ne-2.5 cm ubude bomlenze. Iingcali zonyango kufuneka ziqinisekise ukukhula okunokwenzeka ngexesha loqeqesho.
Iimfuno zeMpilo yoMsebenzi oPhakathi kunye neeMfuno zoMzimba zoPhando
Imigangatho yeshishini yovavanyo iyaqina xa usephakathi emsebenzini. Kukho utshintsho oluninzi oluvela kwiimfuno zesatifikethi sezonyango emva kweminyaka engama-40:
Ukubeka iliso kwi-ECG kuba yimfuneko minyaka le
-Ukuqinisekiswa kwesatifikethi sezonyango kunciphisa ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-6 kwiKlasi yokuQala
-Iimfuno zokuhlolwa kwentliziyo eziphuculweyo
| Uhlobo lweMfuneko | phantsi 40 | Ngaphezulu kwe40 |
|---|---|---|
| Ukuqinisekiswa kweKlasi yokuQala | iinyanga 12 | iinyanga 6 |
| Uvavanyo lwe-ECG | Njengoko kufuneka | Yonyaka |
| Ikhemistri yegazi | esiSiseko | Gqibezela |
Iingqwalasela zonyango zoMlindi oPhezulu
Iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo moya ziyachazwa ngakumbi emva kweminyaka engama-60. Ingqwalasela iqhubekela ekujongeni utshintsho olunxulumene nobudala:
-Amathambo adla ngokuncipha ngobukhulu nangobuninzi
-Izihlunu zihlala zilahlekelwa ngamandla kunye nokuguquguquka
-Ulungelelwaniso kunye nokulinganisela kunokuchaphazeleka
-Isantya sentliziyo sidla ngokuba sicotha kancinci
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 banokuba nombono ongama-20/40 womgama ophakathi. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaphezulu badinga uvavanyo lwezonyango oluqhubekayo:
-Ukuhlolwa kwezonyango kwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka engama-60
-I-Simulator ijonga rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ukuba isebenza njani na inqwelo moya
-Ukuphuculwa kokujonga ukusebenza kwengqondo
Iimfuno zomzimba kweli nqanaba zilandelele ngononophelo:
-Impilo yentliziyo kunye nokuhlolwa okupheleleyo
-Umsebenzi wokuqonda ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo
-Izakhono zokulinganisela kunye nokulungelelanisa
-Ubuchule bokubona obujolise ngokukodwa ekuboneni ubunzulu
Abanini be-ATPL kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 kufuneka bahlolwe kabini ngonyaka. Olu vavanyo lunceda ukugcina imigangatho yokhuseleko ngelixa luvumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba baqhubeke nemisebenzi yabo yokubhabha xa behlangabezana neemfuno zomzimba.
Qaphela ukuba ubudala buchaphazela umqhubi ngamnye wenqwelo moya ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Abanye abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bahlala bekwimeko entle kakhulu kwiminyaka yabo yokuguga. Abanye banokufuna ukulungelelanisa imikhwa yabo yokubhabha ukuze ihambelane namandla abo. Ukuzilolonga rhoqo, ukutya okunempilo, kunye nolawulo lwempilo olusebenzayo kubalulekile njengoko abaqhubi beenqwelo moya beqhubela phambili kwimisebenzi yabo yokubhabha.
Imigangatho yezeMpilo yezeNqwelomoya yaMazwe ngaMazwe
Uhambo ngenqwelomoya ludlula imida yelizwe, nto leyo eyenza kubaluleke ukuqonda imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yeemfuno zomzimba zovavanyo. I-International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) imisela izikhokelo ezipheleleyo ezibumba iimfuno zesatifikethi sezonyango kwihlabathi liphela.
Iimfuno zonyango ze-ICAO kunye neemfuneko zomzimba zovavanyo
Iimfuno zomzimba zovavanyo mazihambelane neMigangatho ye-ICAO kunye neMisebenzi eCetyisiweyo (i-SARPs). Le migangatho iya kunika uvavanyo lwezonyango oluhambelanayo kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu:
| Iklasi yoVavanyo lwezonyango | isicelo | Ixesha lokuqinisekisa |
|---|---|---|
| Iiklasi 1 | Ilayisenisi yoRhwebo/ye-ATP | iinyanga 12 |
| Iiklasi 2 | Ilayisenisi yabucala | iinyanga 60 |
| Iiklasi 3 | Ilayisenisi ye-ATC | iinyanga 24 |
Iimfuno zonyango zesatifikethi sovavanyo lwenqwelo moya zifuna uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe:
-Impilo yentliziyo kunye nomsebenzi wokuphefumla
-Ukuqina komzimba kunye nemisipha
-Ubuchule bokubona nokuva
-Uvavanyo lwempilo yengqondo
Iinguqu zeMigangatho yeSithili
Iimfuno zomzimba zovavanyo lwezorhwebo zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo okuyo. Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zisebenzisa imigangatho ethile:
| Ummandla | Iimfuno ezizodwa | Utshintsho lweXesha lokuQinisekisa |
|---|---|---|
| udibano lwaseyurophu | Imigangatho ye-EASA yeKlasi 1 | Iinyanga ezili-12 (ngaphantsi kwama-40) |
| Ostreliya | Iimfuneko zeCASA zeKlasi 1 | Iinyanga ezili-12 (bonke ubudala) |
| Khanada | Imigangatho yezoThutho eKhanada | Iinguqu ezisekelwe kubudala |
Ukusebenza ngaphaya kwemida kufuna ukuqonda okuqinileyo kwezi nguqu kwiimfuno zomzimba zovavanyo. Ukuze ucaphule umzekelo, jonga indlela i-FAA evumela ngayo abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya zorhwebo ukuba babambe unyango lweklasi yesibini, ngelixa ulwakhiwo lokubiza lwe-ICAO lusebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukileyo.
Isiqinisekiso seCross-Border
Iimfuno zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ngexesha lokusebenza kwamanye amazwe. Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa ibandakanya:
IiMfuno zoXwebhu:
-Ukuqinisekiswa kobunyani belayisenisi yangaphandle
-Ukuqinisekiswa kwesatifikethi sezonyango
-Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo olujoliswe kwingingqi ethile
Amaxwebhu eemfuno zomzimba ezivavanyiweyo kufuneka afumaneke ngexesha lemisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa idla ngokuthatha iintsuku ezingama-45-90 ukugqitywa. Isiqinisekiso sezonyango kufuneka sihlale sisebenza kuyo yonke imisebenzi ewela imida, kugxilwe koku:
-Amaxesha okuhlaziyaImimandla eyahlukeneyo ineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuhlaziya
-Iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyoAmanye amazwe anokufuna uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwezonyango
-Ukuqinisekiswa koXwebhuIsatifikethi sezonyango kufuneka sihlangabezane nemigangatho yasekhaya neyamazwe abambeleyo.
Amalungiselelo entsebenziswano e-ICAO kwimicimbi yezempilo yoluntu (i-CAPSCA) alawula iimfuno zomzimba ezivavanywayo ngexesha lemisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa iimpendulo ezisemgangathweni kwiziganeko ezinxulumene nempilo ngaphesheya kwemida.
Iimfuno zonyango zokuqinisekiswa kweprojekthi yovavanyo kwimisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe zihlala zifuna iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo zokulawula izifo ezisulelayo. I-ICAO isebenzisana ne-WHO kunye ne-IATA ukuphuhlisa izikhokelo ezipheleleyo zeziganeko ezinxulumene nempilo.
Amaxwebhu eemfuno zomzimba ezivavanyiweyo afuna uhlaziyo oluqhubekayo ukuze ahambelane nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, ingakumbi xa unemimandla emininzi. Oku kuquka ukuhlala usesikhathini nemigangatho ye-ICAO kunye notshintsho lwengingqi kwiimfuno zesatifikethi sezonyango.
Qaphela ukuba iimfuno zomzimba zovavanyo zingadinga uhlengahlengiso xa utshintsha phakathi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zomthetho. Imigangatho ethile yezonyango yelizwe oya kulo kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe imisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukulawula iimeko zonyango
Ulawulo lweemeko zempilo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomzimba kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakho wokuqhuba inqwelomoya. Kufuneka wazi indlela yokusingatha imiba yezempilo ngelixa ulandela imigangatho yezonyango yeenqwelo moya ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nobude bomsebenzi.
Iiprotokholi zamayeza kunye neemfuno zomzimba zovavanyo
Imigangatho yezonyango ifuna ukulandelwa ngokungqongqo kwemigaqo yamayeza ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokubhabha. I-FAA inemigaqo ethile yokusetyenziswa kwamayeza:
| Uhlobo lwamayeza | Ixesha lokulinda | Uxwebhu olufunekayo |
|---|---|---|
| Antihistamines | Uvavanyo lomhlaba oluthatha iiyure ezingama-48 | Iirekhodi zovavanyo lomntu siqu |
| Antibiotics | Ukujonga iiyure ezingama-24 | Iinkcukacha zemithi kagqirha |
| I-Cardiovascular | Uvavanyo oluhambelana nemeko ethile | Ingxelo yengcali |
Iimfuno zomzimba ziyalela ukuba uthathe la manyathelo ngamayeza:
-Qhagamshelana noMhloli wakho wezeMpilo weenqwelo-moya ngaphambi kokuba uqalise amayeza amatsha
-Linda kabini ixesha lomthamo ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe
-Gcina iirekhodi ezineenkcukacha zemiphumo yamayeza
Ulawulo lweMeko eNgapheliyo
Indlela ecwangcisiweyo kakuhle ikunceda ukulawula izifo ezingapheliyo ngelixa uhlangabezana nemigangatho yovavanyo lwezorhwebo. Ukuthintela kunye nokubeka esweni rhoqo kubalulekile:
| Uhlobo lwemeko | Inkqubo yoLawulo | Uvavanyo oluQhelekileyo |
|---|---|---|
| I-Cardiovascular | Ukubeka iliso rhoqo | Iinyanga ze-6-12 |
| zemigudu | Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo | Yonyaka |
| Musculoskeletal | Ulungiso lwenyama | Njengoko kufuneka |
Imigangatho yovavanyo lweenqwelo moya ingavumela ezinye izifo ezingapheliyo ukuba zilawulwa kakuhle. Icebo lakho lolawulo kufuneka libe nezi zinto zilandelayo:
-Ukubonisana rhoqo neengcali ezinolwazi ngeemfuno zeenqwelo moya
-Amaxwebhu aneenkcukacha ezipheleleyo zozinzo lwemeko
-Iinkqubo zokugcina impilo zisebenza kakuhle
Ufanele udale inkqubo yolawulo lwezifo ezingapheliyo enezicwangciso zonyango ezicwangcisiweyo ukugcina umgangatho wobomi ungcono kwaye uhlangabezane nemigangatho.
Ukuchacha Nokubuyela Kwindiza
Iindlela ezithile zikhokela ukubuyela kwakho ekubhabheni emva kwesiganeko sezonyango. Amaxesha okuchacha ayahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko:
Izikhokelo zokuchacha emva kotyando:
-I-anesthetic yendawo: Ubuncinane bexesha lokulinda leeyure ezili-12
-I-anesthetic eqhelekileyo: Ubuncinane bexesha lokulinda leeyure ezingama-48
-Iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo: Uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye olusekelwe kwimigangatho yezonyango
Isiqinisekiso sezonyango emva kokululama sidinga:
- Ukulungiswa ngokupheleleyo kwemeko yezonyango
- Amaxwebhu okufumana kwakhona ngokupheleleyo
- Uvavanyo kunye nokuvunywa kwe-AME
- Uvavanyo lwenqwelo-moya olunokwenzeka lwezonyango
Inkqubo yokubuyela emoyeni ibandakanya amanyathelo aliqela abalulekileyo:
*Uvavanyo logqirha oyintloko
*Imvume ekhethekileyo xa kufuneka
*Uvavanyo lwe-AME lokuthobela imithetho
*Ukungeniswa kwamaxwebhu kwiigunya zeenqwelo-moya
Iingqwalasela ezikhethekileyo zokukhutshwa kwesifo ziyasebenza kwiimeko ezingapheliyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokufuna:
*Amaxwebhu ezonyango aneenkcukacha
*Iingxelo zemeko eqhelekileyo
*Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo njengoko kufuneka
*Izatifikethi zonyango ezinqunyelwe ixesha elithile
Ulawulo lwakho lokuchacha kufuneka lugxile kwiimfuno ezikhawulezileyo nezexesha elide. Gcina iirekhodi ezineenkcukacha zezi:
*Inkqubela phambili yonyango
*Uhlengahlengiso lwamayeza
*Iziphumo zonyango lomzimba
*Uvavanyo lwempilo oluqhelekileyo
Qaphela ukuba imiqathango ingasebenza ngexesha lokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ezi zingabandakanya:
*Imisebenzi yenqwelomoya elinganiselweyo
*Iimfuneko ezongezelelweyo zokubeka esweni
*Imiqathango ethile yokusebenza
*Ukuhlolwa kwezonyango okuphuculweyo
Kukho imigangatho yezonyango yokukhusela impilo yakho nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweenqwelo moya. Unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo nababoneleli bezempilo kunye ne-AME ikunceda ulawule iimeko zonyango ngokufanelekileyo ngelixa ugcina umsebenzi wakho wokubhabha.
isiphelo
Iimfuneko zomzimba zomqhubi wenqwelomoya zibalulekile ekukhuselekeni kweenqwelomoya. Ziqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yedekhi yeenqwelomoya isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye ayinamngcipheko mkhulu. Le migangatho ikhusela abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kunye nabakhweli ngovavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwezonyango kunye nokubeka esweni impilo rhoqo.
| Iindawo eziBalulekileyo | Ugqaliselo Olungundoqo | Ukubeka iliso rhoqo |
|---|---|---|
| Imigangatho yoMbono | Ukuqonda okunzulu kunye nobunzulu | Ukuvuselelwa kwezonyango rhoqo |
| Impilo ye-Neurological | Umsebenzi wokuqonda kunye nokulinganisela | Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo |
| Ukomelela kokuphefumla | Umsebenzi wemiphunga kunye nokugcwala kweoksijini | Uvavanyo lonyaka |
| Imeko yeMisculoskeletal | Uluhlu lwentshukumo kunye namandla | Uvavanyo lwexesha |
Impumelelo yomqhubi wenqwelo moya ixhomekeke ekuhlangabezaneni nasekugcineni le migangatho yezonyango kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe. Iimfuno zonyango ziyaqina njengoko iminyaka ikhula kwaye zifuna ukuphaphama okungakumbi kunye nolawulo lwempilo olusebenzayo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kufuneka balandelele uvavanyo lwabo lwezonyango, bagcine amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, kwaye bajonge iimeko zempilo ukuze bahlale bethobela iimfuno zomzimba.
Amagunya eenqwelo moya kwihlabathi liphela enze le migangatho ipheleleyo yokugcina iinqwelomoya zikhuselekile. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abalandela iimfuno zomzimba kwaye bavavanywa rhoqo ngonyango bakhusela imisebenzi yabo. Baqinisa nenkcubeko yokhuseleko ebumba iinqwelomoya zanamhlanje.
Nxibelelana neqela leFlorida Flyers Flight Academy India namhlanje apha + 91 (0) 1171 816622 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga Ikhosi yeSikolo saBucala esiLingayo.
